Notes for Interview of Assistant Resident Engineer (ARE) for Road/Infrastructure

Table of Content

S.no Description Page no’s

1 Steps for new project start 03-6

2 Safety 06-8

3 Survey 09-13

4 NOC Taking 13-13

5 Earth Work 13-16

6 Tests 16-19

7 Electrical Work 20-20

8 Street Light 20-21

9 Water Networks 21-24

10 Emirate Telecommunication (Etisalat) 25-25

11 Storm Water Drainage (SWD) 25-28

12 Sewerage 28-32

13 Irrigation 32

14 Concrete 32-43

15 Kerbstone/Barrier/Guard Rail 43-44

16 Aggregate Subbase 44-45

17 Aggregate Road Base 45-45

Wet Mix Macadam Road Base

46-46

Prime Coat MC-70 Spray

46-47

Tack Coat

47-48

Asphalt

48-67

Road Marking

67-68

Road Signage and Accessories

68-68

Rip Rap(Stone Pitching)

68-69

Reinforcement

69-69

Bridges/Piling Work

70-71

General Combine definition

72-100

Rate of Work

100-100

Day work rate

100-101

Machinery Productions

101-103

Major issue for delay project

103-103

Labor rate

103-104

33 Quantity of rate analysis for reinforcement concrete 104-105

31 Computer Key board short formulas 105-108

1-Steps for new project starting:

Major steps to start a new road project:

1-Kick off meeting: Introduction of project team, Project review, Project object, Management approaches, Will attend project sponsor and project team stakeholder

2-Survey work: First Contractor has to be obtain bench mark from town planning dept,Contractor will fix the project boundary limit, Jointly existing feature to be recored,Jointly OGL/Cross section to be taken, Site setting out to start.

3-Soil investigation/Take sample: Existing soil for testing CBR values and other physical tests, Water table level should be checked.

4-Trial trenches NOC taken:

5-Execution of Trial trenches to check the existing utilities as per drawing where

NOC, s already taken

6-Mobilization of Site office: should be established as per requirements of the contract.

7-Safety plan: Contractor should submit Safety plan to Engineer review and approval.

8-QA/QC plans: Contractor should submit Quality Assurance/Quality Control plan to

Engineer review and approval.

9-Programme of work: The Contractor should be submit Work Schedule program to Engineer and other supporting documents within 28 days after the date of notice to proceed.

10-Shop/Working drawing: Contractor should submit shop/working drawing to

Engineer for review and approval and then concern authority approval to be taken.

11-Construction NOC.

12-General site clearance.

13-Existing services Lowering/protection/relocation/Slewing with the coordination of concern authorities.

14-Earth work.

15-Formation preparation.

16-Installation of Proposed Services network.

17-Installation of Future/Spare duct.

18-Kerbstone work.

19-Granular Subbase.

20-Wet Mix Macadam/Aggregate Road Base.

21-Prime coat.

22-Asphalt Base Course.

23-Tack coat.

24-Asphalt Wearing Course.

25-Road marking.

26-Duct marker.

27-Road Stud.

28-Road Signage.

29-Construction of Footh Path/Side walk.

30-As built drawing.

31-Handing over.

List of Contract drawing:

1-General drawing: Cover sheet, List of drawing, Project location key plan, Contract limit layout plan, Plot allocation layout plan, Sheet index,Standard abbreviation and curve data.

2-Existing condition drawing.

3-Topography survey plan.

4-Setting out plan.

5-Road layout plan.

6-Road profile.

7-Road cross section.

8-Pavement structure plan.

9-Standard drawing: Curb detail, Concrete barrier detail and slotted barrier, Guard rail detail.

10-Gate level.

11-Signing and pavement marking detail.

12-Storm water network layout plan, Standard gully detail, Standard drainage trench detail, Petrol interceptor detail, Standard manhole and chamber detail.

13-Street lighting layout.SL Circuit diagram, Standard detail for service ducts, Standard detail for street lighting, typical detail of proposed 10 m high street light pole.

14-Sanitary Sewer general layout plan, Notes for sewer standard, Table for standard dimension detail, Standard detail for manholes,Standardd detail for cover slab and connection to structure, Waterproofing detail, Inscription and safety chain detail, Standard detail for special manhole, Dimension and structure reinforcement detail for manhole type A toF,Typical external and internal backdrop connection detail, Dimension and structure detail of House connection chamber type-A to Typical recessed manhole cover detail.

15-Potable water network layout and all Dewa standard drawing.

16-Irrigation network layout, Standard detail of Irrigation protection slab, Standard trench section of proposed irrigation spare ducts.

17-Electrical 132KV and 11 KV network layout plan.

18-Electrical standard detail for Dewa ED service ducts, Typical trench detail for Dewa ED cable and ducts, Typical substation to Feeder pillar single line diagram, Typical Dewa draw pit drawing, Typical 132 KV Trough detail, Protection slab detail for road construction on top of 132 KV Trough. Pocket substation detail, General arrangement of substation foundation detail.

19-Teelcom ducts layout, Standard detail of JRC-12, 14 chambers, Standard detail of ETC Service ducts.

20-Spare ducts layout plan, typical section detail of spare ducts.

21-Service reservation general layout plan, typical service reservation cross section.

22-Standard section detail of DU/ITS ducts.

23-Standard detail of Road Signage installation.

24-Standard detail of pavement marking.

Main steps considering to Project Manager for a new project start:

1-Setup staff bars chart and budget.

2-Review plant bar chart.

3-Review origination chart.

4-Review labor budget and setup labor histogram.

5-Review material procurement budget and set target asphalt and road base material.

6-Review drawing.

7-Setup material reconciliation files weekly report required.

8-Arrangement of setting out and site survey.

9-Established site office for work start.

10-Early requisition for establishment for machinery and material.

11-Master program to be submitted to the consultant.

12-Preparation of target construction program.

13-Preparation of design program.

14-Method statement submitted to consultant.

15-Preparation of material submitting schedule.

16-Review drawing and specification and raise RFI to consultant if any clarification required in drawing.

17-Review commercial plan for profit.

18-Setup cash flow forecast/income, expenditure and target cash balance.

19-Preparation and submit to consultant of safety, Health, Environmental plan.

20- Preparation and submit to consultant of QA/QC plan.

21-Review summery of submittal.

22-Asphalt wearing course waist control and manage less than 8%.

23-Dig permits to be issued before any excavation activity.

24-Site logistic and welfare plan to be provided and reviewed.

25-Performance guarantee and contract insurance to be issued. Name of concern Authority in Dubai:

1-Road and Transport Authority Road Department: Dr Yousef, Mr. Malik, Mr. Juma, In Safety dept.: Eng Saad, In NOC dept.: Mr. Ijaz.

2-Dubai Electricity Authority: Haji Marwaan.

3-Dubai Water Authority: Mr. Waleed.

3-Emirate Telecommunication Corporation such as (Etisalat):Mr. Khalid, Mohd Roly, Mr. Ibrahim, Mr. Jacob, Mr. Philips.

4-Emirate Integrated Telecommunication Company (Du):Mr. Tariq Marry.

5-Road and Transport Authority Street Lighting Department: Salim Remavi

6-Dubai Municipality Drainage dept.: Mr. Jalal Al Jandi, Mr. Saad.

7-Dubai Municipality Irrigation Department: Mr. Mansoor, Mr. Layard.

7-Dubai Municipality Horticulture Section.

8-Empower.

9-Dubai Civil Defense.

Why does Contractor make trial trenches and how do you agree for min or max trial trenches?

To check existing services position, Level from proposed road, to confirm Utility corridor, to confirm if nay lowering/relocation may require.

Trial trenches to be finalized to considering existing utility network services of same area.

How to determine a trial trench and what is the action required after getting the trial reports?

To checking through GIS/Existing Utilities service as built drawing, after getting the trial trenches detail report should be submitted the concern authorities to take approval.

2-Safety:

Risk Assessment: To identifying hazard & evalue to risk and then control that risk to an acceptable level is called Risk Assessment.

Step of risk assessment:

1-Identify the hazard.

2-Identify the people who might be hard and how.

3-Evaluate the risk and decide on precaution.

4-Record the significant finding and implement them.

5-Review and update as necessary.

Accident: An unplanned, unwanted event, which lead to injury, damage or loss, is

called accident.

Incident: An unplanned, unwanted event, which lead to ill health of some sort, is called incident.

Near miss: An Unplanned, unwanted event that had the potential/possible to lead to injury, damage or loss is called near miss.

Slip: Slipped due to wet surface or other reason. OR A loss and balance caused by too little friction between a person and foot/feet and his walking surface is called Slip.

Trip: To hit anything is called trip. Or A loss and balance caused by the interruption of the movement of a persons foots by an obstacles is called Trip.

Fall: Fall down or lay down is call fall.

Probability/Likelihood/possibility: It is the probability/possibility to cause an incident is called likelihood/Probability such as near miss, accident is example of its and it’s identified as following: Frequent, likely, Occasional, Seldom or Unlikely. Severity: It is the outcome degree if an incident, near miss, or accident did occur and identified as: Catastrophic, Critical, Marginal, or Negligible.

RAK: Risk Assessment Code.

What is to be noted during site safety inspection?

1-Poor Housekeeping at work place.

2-Excavation not covers through barrier/Cones.

3-PPE Personnel Protective equipment’s to be checked.

4-Banks man not available at heavy machinery movement area.

5-Toilet not available at workplace area.

6-Food storage not available at workplace area.

7-Drinking water not available at workplace area. LTI=Lost time injury to be noted if any happened. AHA: Activity hazard analysis to be noted.

Severity: A measure of harshness of the potential outcome. Probability: The possibility or likely to occur.

General Site Safety Steps to follow prior to site work:

Please ensure action on following but not limited to safety concerns which requires immediate attention prior to execution of work.

Ø Approved (HSE) Health and Safety Plan to be required.

Ø Work method statement/Risk assessment to be required.

Ø Competency of HSE personnel to be mandatory.

Ø PPE is mandatory and to be provided all workers.

Ø Welfare and storage area arrange to be properly.

Ø Edge protection and staircase for deep excavation to be mandatory.

Ø Safe working height procedure to be follow up.

Ø Full body harness to be wear where safe working platform not provided.

Ø Safe working carpentry work to be ensure.

Ø Condition of benching/shoring to be noted.

Ø Storage and handling of hazard chemical.

Ø Permit to work procedure.

Ø Risk register established and need to be updated.

Ø Condition of Tower, Crawler and Mobile crane to be checked.

Ø Condition of plant $ equipment (dumper, bobcat, forklift etc.) to be checked.

Ø Provision of reverse horn and revolving light.

Ø Condition of sling/chain/hooks to be verified during crane inspection.

Ø Provision of banksman.

Ø Provision of designated pedestrian route.

Ø Display of warning sign for electrical cable hazard.

Ø General housekeeping and tidiness.

Ø Use of barrier and warning sign of the work area.

Ø Night working procedure/Adequate lighting in the working area.

Ø Provision and quality of shaded eating/rest area.

Ø Maintenance of welfare facility.

Ø Availability of trained and certified first aider /Nurse as per the legal requirement.

Ø Adequacy of first aid box and stock.

Ø Inspection of first aid box.

Ø Provision of trash bin near rest area.

Ø Safe storage of combustible material.

Ø Proper storage of fuel and lubricant, warning sigh and escape route.

Ø Availability of fire extinguisher and their condition.

Ø To be ensure about rubbish disposal skips/bins/collection should be placed.

Ø Dust control watering the internal road are mandatory.

Ø Concrete wash out carried out in properly designated area.

Ø Segregation and disposal of hazardous waste/material handling procedure.

Ø Barricading and identification of stockpile material.

Ø Dispose of/Barication of scrape material in all site

Ø Pedestrian access all over the site.

Ø Proper Barricading of manholes without cover and already raised and covered but falling within the carriageway.

Ø Waste collection and removed tiles stocks to be properly barricaded.

Ø Cleaning and tidiness around labor rest area along with availability of all

necessary facilities.

Ø Proper control and cleaning of the access points.

Ø Cleaning and updated safety equipment’s within the office premises.

Ø Continuous monitoring of Contractor to ensure compliance with the Traffic

Management Plan.

Ø Quick action to be required for Pedestrian access, housekeeping, PPE, dust control vehicle access and egress, excavation/MH protection and barricading, etc.

Site walk observations:

1-Welfare facilities (toilets) have not been adequately cleaned and there is not soap and paper towels to wash and dry hands after using the facility. These conditions are in violation of DM regulations as they can lead to serious health issues and illness.

2-Housekeeping needs to be improved in multiple locations throughout the project.

3. Plastic perimeter fencing in many area has fallen to the ground and must be repaired to ensure employees are aware of hazard areas.

4. The site spill kit content must be replaced. Currently, there are no supplies contained in the spill kit storage unit.

5. Although the Contractor has provided an adequate facility to store food, several food items were observed stored outside the established chilled food storage facility. Because these food items are not stored in the established food storage unit, they are subject to ambient temperatures, which could lead to spoilage of the stored food causing illness.

Scaffolding: 1-Cuplok/Soffit formwork, 2-Cuplok ledger, 3-Cuplok stand, 4-Universal jack, 5-Forkhead, 6-Primery dual T 150 Beam, 7-Secondary dual S150 Beam, Scaffold tube bracing detail: Cuplok ledger, Double coupler, Scaffold tube brace, Soldier across trench, Inverted forehead and universal jack, Tube, Standard, Plain base plate, Universal clamp, Forkhead

Roof Truss: Channel, Base plate, Angle, Connection plate.

3-Survey:

What is horizontal profile/Curve?

Layout of the project is called horizontal profile/alignment.

Change in road alignment in plain view is called horizontal curve/profile. Horizontal profile/curve shown in x and z coordinates.

Why are horizontal curve needed?

Necessary for gradual change in direction when a direct point of intersection is not feasible.

Types of horizontal curve: 1-Simple curve, 2-Compound curve 3-Reverse curve, 4-

Spiral curve.

Design consideration of horizontal curve: 1-Horizontal alignment consideration: Radios, Design speed, Side friction factors, Super elevation transition such as Runout and Runoff.

2-Safe.

3-Economically practice. What is vertical curve?

A vertical smooth and safe transition/change between two grades (up & down) on a road surface is called vertical curve.

Vertical alignment of the road is shown on the y axis and is called the profile view. Why need vertical curve:

We want to change the gradient to manage storm water, to control cut and fill, to provide smooth surface at suddenly up and down gradient.

Type of vertical curve:

1- Summit or Crest curve, 2- Sag or Valley curve.

What is the longitudinal gradient provided generally for roads?

.5 to 3 %.

What is transverse cross fall provided generally to cross-section of roads?

2 %.

What is Contour?

Ans: A line drawn on a map connecting point of equal height is called contour survey.

What is Topography?

Detail of a place or region is called topography.

What is Formula to calculate of Bearing, Co-ordinate and Distance? Bearing = N-N = ND, E-E = ED, Bearing =ED/ND *Tan-1

Co-ordinate: Next Co-ordinate Northing=N+Distance*Cos Bearing, Next coordinate

Easting=E+Distance*Sin Bearing, N=D Cos Theta, E=D Sin Theta

Distance = N-N = ND, E-E = ED, =NDsq +EDsq Jazer

Explain about GPS?

Ans: The global positioning system (GPS) is a satellite navigation system that provides location and time information in all weather condition on the earth is called GPS.

It becomes fully operation in 1995.

Parts of GPS: 1-Base 2-Radio+Antena 3-Rover 4-Controller. GPS (Trimble) working steps:

1-On start the base.2-Set the base on control point.

3-Connect Bluetooth controller and base (Go to main menu, press configuration, Press controller, Press Bluetooth.

4-Enter coordinate+Level+Height of instrument in controller of control point.

5-On/Start the rover.6- Connect Bluetooth controller and rover (Go to main menu, press configuration, Press controller, Press Bluetooth.

7-In main menu press the survey and then RTK.

8-Start survey.

If level $ Coordinate checking:

9-Press Instrument, 10-Position

If Coordinates $ Level fixing:

1-Main menu, 2-Survey, 3-Stack out 4-Point enter. There are two methods:

Method-1: Enter coordinates, 2-Fix coordinates.

Method-2:1-Line enter.2-Enter 1st and 2nd points coordinates.3-It will show go

Right/Left, 4Then fix the point.

If we want to take existing detail or As Built detail:

1-Main menue.2-Survey.3-RTK.4-Measure point.5-Enter point number.6-Press measurement/Store.7-Continue.

Road Alignment: The route along which the centerline of a road is located in plan is called the road alignment.

Camber or Cross slope: 1-Parabolic camber, 2-Slope camber, 3-Composite camber.

Total Station Sokia:

1-Total station setting any place without any point.

v Take back site point.

v Take fore site point.

2-For Setting out:

v Click setting out.

v Enter coordinate where required point.

3-For observation:

v Click obs button.

v Fix prism which place required observation.

v Press enter.

v You will get coordinate of that point.

v You can match this coordinate with drawing coordinates.

v Define the Alignment of highway?

It is the final design of the highway its include:

v 1-The vertical alignment (grade line or profile, up and down).

v 2-The horizontal alignment (Curvature).

v The final alignment will be that in which the best balance between grade and curvature is achieved.

v What are the vertical curve elements?

At all change in gradient, vertical curve should be provided.

v PC=Point of curve (beginning of curve).

v P.T=Point of tangent (end of curve).

v P.I=Point of Intersection of 2 tangent.

v R=Length of radius of curve.

v L=Length of curve.

v D=Degree of curve.

v Offset for vertical curve X $ Y (Computed from formulas).

v There are two types of vertical curves

What is Super Elevation/Cant?

The vertical distance between the inner edge and outer edges in road is called super elevation.

In the horizontal curve the outer edge of road to be raised in the inner edge is called super elevation.

Why provide: It’s conducted to balance centripetal force to outward push due to vehicle movement and reduce the tendency of vehicle to overturn to outwards. Formula to calculation of super elevation:

Seperelevation e= V2

fgR

Where e = rate of super elevation in % V=Design speed/Velocity of vehicle (km/h) f = lateral friction factor = 0.15

g= Acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2) R=Radius of the curve in meter.

Limit for maximum super elevation: Snow fall area– 7%

Not bounded by Snow fall – 10% Limits for minimum super elevation:

Minimum super elevation = camber or cross slope. What is Runout and Runoff in super elevation?

Runout: Length of roadway needed to accomplish/achieve a change in outside lane cross slope from normal rate to zero.

Runoff: Length of roadway needed to accomplish/achieve a change in outside lane cross slope from zero to full.

What is camber/cross slope?

Camber: Slope provide in the transverse/crosswise direction to drain off rain water quickly is known as Camber or Cross slope. This will also prevents slipping and skidding of vehicles.

What are elements affect the choice of the road profile (alignment)?

1-Cost of earthwork (balance between cut and fill).

2-The general terrain/ground/land of the area (Topography).

3-Future possible construction and presence of grade separation and bridge structures.

4-Matching with the existing condition.

5-The effect of grades on the operating cost of the motor vehicle.

6-Traffic volume and type.

7-Design peed.

8-Drainage condition.

In rolling areas grade and curvature must be considered carefully.

What are the main design parameters you check before issuing the approval for road profile?

Cut and fill to be considered, Longitudinal slope, cross fall and camber slope, matching with existing gate and road level, Vertical curve should not be frequent. What is Compound curve?

It is the mixtures of two or three curves is called compound curve.

Why transition curve is is introduced at the beginning and end of the circular curve. What is parameter required to set a circular curve and how do you do it.

4-NOC (No Objection Certificate) Taking:

How many type of NOC?

1-Information NOC, 2-Design NOC, 3-Trial trenches NOC, 4-Construction NOC. Types according to Submission: 1-Digital NOC, 2-Manual NOC.

What are documents required for NOC Submission to Department?

1-Contract award letter, 2-Location plan, 3-Project detail drawing, 4-Method statement, 5-Programm of work, 6-Typical Utility cross section, 7-Existing electrical road crossing cross section.

What documents received after approval NOC from department?

1-NOC letter of department, 2-Subject to Condition of statement. 3-GIS (Geographical information system) drawing in which mentioned all existing utility services detail for contractor information.

5-EARTH WORK:

What is Earthwork?

Moving or process of part on the surface into a desired shape for as purpose is

called earthwork.

What is Bearing Capacity?

The supporting power of soil is called its bearing capacity.

During excavation to formation of road, you encountered a service protection concrete whose top level is in the level of Road base surface. Resident Engineer does not want to issue variation order. What will be your solution to this problem? Should lower up to required level and Variation order not required because existing service found inside the Right of Way and its contractor responsibility to lower/protect/relocation.

Safe bearing capacity=Ultimate bearing capacity/Factor of safety. What is cleaning and grubbing?

This work consist of cleaning, grubbing and disposing, debris,vegetation,building,fence structure, wall old pavement, abandoned pipe lines and any other obstruction which are not designated on the drawing.

What is sub-grade and Formation?

Sub-grade is a suitable soil which having 15 CBR at 95% MDD.It is final layer of embankments.

Formation: The existing surface where we start the road construction is called formation.

How do you improve the sub-grade and why?

There are several ways to improve but its depend on the type of the surface but normally can improve sub-grade by mixing some percentage of granular material or reduced the fine material so as to achieve good CBR value.

Method of finding of bearing capacity:

1-Plate bearing test, 2-Unconfined compression test, 3-Standard penetration test. Why is it necessary to protect the sub-grade from being damage?

We have to protect sub-grade from damaged to make it easy and avoid contamination/damaged for the next pavement course either sub-base or wet-mix. How do we measure the degree of compaction of Earthwork?

It is measured by field density test method through Sand and cone T-191 ASHTO. Volume of hole=Weight of sand in the hole/density of the sand

Density of the hole material=Weight of dry material of the hole/Volume of hole

What is the specified test required for the selection of earthwork material?

1-CBR15, 2-MDD/OMC, 3- Plasticity Index not exceed than 6, 4- Liquid Limit shall not exceed than 40 %, 5-Plastic Limit, 6-Sand Equivalent Min35, 7-Sulphate content of soil max 2 %, 8-Chloride content of soil max 2 %, 9-PH Value of soil, 10-Organic matter max 2%, 11-Water Soluble Chloride $ Sulphate, 12-Soil classification test,

13-Gradation test.

Define the Liquid limit, Plastic limit, Plasticity index (PI), and Sand equivalent, Moisture, Optimum Moisture content?

Liquid limit: The moisture content at which the soil passes from plastic limit to liquid limit is called liquid limit.

Plastic Limit: The moisture content at which the soil rolled into a thread of smallest diameter of 3mm starts crumbing/Breaking is called Plastic limit

Plasticity index: It is the numerical difference between liquid limit and plastic limit of a soil.

Its give an idea about the clay content in the soil and its increase with clay content. It should be max: 6%.

Shrinkage Limit: Shrinkage limit give an idea about the shrinkage or swelling

characteristics of the soil, which may likely to occur in the soil after being compacted.

Cracks: Due to releasing of internal stress causing deformation in the surface in the form of separation of two area is called crack.

Moisture: The amount of water present in the material is called moisture. Optimum moisture content: The amount of water at which soil is compacted to maximum (higher) dry density is called Optimum moisture content.

Sand equivalent: The determination of silt, clay and fine in the material is called sand equitant.

If cracks appear on the compacted sub grade what are the reasons?

Ans: 1-Excessive moisture or dryness, 2-Excessive cohesion less material, 3- Underneath segregation.

What is the function of shoulder for Asphalt Pavement? Ans: 1-To improve road safety by providing better visibility.

2-To give extra width to the carriageway for emergency use.

3-To provide lateral support to the pavement layers.

4-To shed the surface water from the road.

What is the formation preparation surface tolerance? Ans: Formation tolerance: 20mm plus and minus. How you will approve a material for sub grade?

Ans: If PI less than 6%, CBR and chemical test result are ok. What is Proctor test?

Ans: The determination the maximum dry density in the material is called proctor test.

What is Toe point formula?

Ans: Toe point: Height *slope*2 + Road top width. What is side slope of Embankment shoulder?

Ans: Normally Fill slope =1:6, Cut Slope =1:10

What is SPT.?

Ans: SPT: Standard Penetration Test: This test furnishes data about resistance of the soils to penetration which can be used to evaluate standard strength data.

Soil investigation by boring test: The exploration of soil below water table is unusual is very difficult to perform by mean of test pits. Therefore test pits are replaced by boring methods. The method are boring are:

1-Auger boring, 2-Wash boring, 3-Rotary boring, 4-Percussion boring.

What do you know about soil investigation and how do you check soil investigation test?

Soil investigation: The technical investigation by which the necessary information regarding various soil properties is obtained to enable the Engineer to design a safe and economic foundation is called soil investigation.

In order to judge the suitability of site for the proposed project and for preparing economic design, it is very essential to investigate the soil below the proposed site. Soil exploration are help in:

1-Analyzing the safety and caused of failure of the existing structure.

2-Deciding suitable construction methods.

3-Selecting the construction material. What is shearing strength?

The property which enables to maintain balance on a sloping surface is known as shear strength of soil.

Only because of this property the soil has the ability to resist sliding along internal surface.

It also influence the bearing capacity of soil and the lateral pressure which the soil backfill exert against any type of restraining structure.

The maximum shear resistance of soil is termed as shear strength of soil. Shear resistance of soil consists of: 1-Cohesion 2-Dilatency, 3-Friction. During excavation rock material is encountered, what action you will take?

1-First we will go for the classification of rock by sending the representative sample to some independent lab (the rock may be hard/disintegrated).

2-Second we will see the importance of structure.

6-Tests:

What is Initial laboratory test for assessment of suitability of proposed material? Ans: 1-CBR at 95 % MDD not less than 15% 2-MDD (Proctor Test), 2-Optimum moisture content, 4-Soluble salt content test must be less than 5 % by weight of dry soil tested, 5-Liquid Limit shall not exceed than 40 %, 6-Plasticity Index not exceed than 6, 7-Plastic Limit, 8-Sand Equivalent Min35, 9-Maximum particles size is

63mm

Existing material soil suitable for filling:

1-Acid soluble chloride=2% max

2-Acid soluble sulphate=2% max

3-Organic matter content=2% max

Unsuitable material shaal comprised:

1-Rock particles exceed 63mm in size.

2-Organic matter containing greater than 2 %.

3-Soil of liquid limit exceeding 40 %.

4-Material containing more than 5% of water soluble salt by weight of dry soil. What is Institute test?

Ans: Institute test to confirm the required degree of compaction, density and moisture content.

What is formula to calculate Optimum moisture content? Moisture content M=W-Wd/Wd

W=Weight of wet soil. Wd=Weight of dry soil.

What is formula to calculate Dry Density? Ans: Dry density of soil MDD=Wd/V WD=Weight of dry soil.

V=Total volume of dry soil

What is procedure of determination of Proctor/ Dry Density?

1-Take sample at site.

2-Make the samples dry by sun shine or through oven.

3-4 Samples prepared with different percentage of water content.

4-Put sample in the mould.

5-Compact the sample@5 layers 56 blows to be carried out.

6-Determination of wet $ dry density for each mould.

7-Draw proctor graph with dry density and moisture content.

8-OMC and MDD/Proctor has achieved. What is formula to calculate Wet Density? Ans: Wet density of soil WD=Wd/Vs WD=Weight of dry soil.

Vs=Total solid volume of soil

What is CBR and write the formula of calculation of CBR?

Ans: To check the bearing capacity of soil (the shearing resistance of a soil) is called CBR and CBR mean is California Bearing Ratio.

Originally developed by the California Division of Highways in the 1930’s, The CBR

Test has been developed and adapted to form the basis of most testing for sub grade quality.

Why would I need to do a CBR test?

$C:\Users\PA119-~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002$ If you have excavated virgin land that you wish to construct and have found clay or sand and want to know if it’s strong enough to bear weight, a sample can be taken and used in a CBR test.

What is the process for this the CBR Test?

A sample of the material that needs testing is loaded into mould, either on site or in laboratory. Then a 3sq inch (approx. 50mm dia) plunger is loaded against the sample and the penetration into the sample is measured at various increments. Detail procedure:

1-Samples collection.

2-Samples material will dry by sun shine or in oven

3-Samples preparation to add with OMC. (Which has finalized during proctor/MDD)

4-Prepared samples material put into mould and compact through machine as per

British standard.

5-Then Wet $Dry density will determined.

6-Then sample will soacked for 96 hours (4 days) inside the water tank.

7-Take samples out after 4 days.

8-Crush the sample with machine.

9-Note the reading of machine during crushing.

10-Draw the graph between density and rate of CBR reading.

11-Find CBR in graph as per required dry density. Advantages to the CBR Test:

The tests are relatively quick and inexpensive.

They can be performed in the laboratory or on site on undisturbed or re-compacted samples.

Results can be obtained within a day.

We can perform these tests on a self-contained basis (although the assistance of an excavator on site is often helpful).

CBR calculation formula:

CBR =Corrected load value ×100

Standard load

Plate Test for Soil Compaction:

Ø Generally plate test is carried out to determine the bearing capacity of soil and corresponding settlement.

Ø 60x60cms iron plate or 75m cm dia and 16mm tick iron plate is placed firmly over the soil in such a way that plate is in contact with the soil over all its area.

Ø Load is applied by superposition of load or by hydraulic jack.

Ø Load on the plate 4 times the proposed design load and read settlements at every 24 hours, until no settlement occurs in 24 hours - add 50% more load and read settlements every 48 hours until no more settlement occurs in 48 hours settlement under test load should not be more than 20mm.

Ø Increment of settlement under 50% overloads should not exceed 60% of settlement under 1st load test.

Ø If above 2 conditions are not met, repeat the test with reduced load and in which case reduced load will be considered for calculating the safe bearing capacity of the soil.

Load Test for Hardened R.C. Slabs:

This test is to be carried out if cubes taken during casting of concrete fails to attain the minimum characteristic strength specified for the concrete OR core tests as additional test also fails.

The test procedure is to apply test load gradually by concrete blocks or sand bags. The test load should be greater of:

$C:\Users\PA119-~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003$ A - DL + 1.25 L.Load

OR Greater of the 2

B - (DL + LR) 1.125

The initial deflection is to be measured and after completion of test load, deflection is again measured and recorded.

Test load is removed after 24 to 48 hours and final deflection that remains in the slab is to be measured.

Slab can be considered satisfactory if recovery of deflection is >75%. What is different tests frequency?

Layer	Test	Per Test
Fill	MDD, OMC	12000M2
	CBR	2000M2
SUBBASE	MDD, OMC	3000M2
	CBR	3000M2

Ans: Frequency of test:

Sulphalte and chloride content

Density and moisture content

6000 M2

1500M2

Road base

backfill per layer

MDD, OMC CBR

Sulphalte and chloride content Density and moisture content Backfilling of structures MDD, OMC

Density and moisture content

3000M2

6000 M2

1500M2

M3 of

3 tests

What is CBR of sand surface area?

What is the relationship between the moisture content and density of the soil? The relation between moisture content and dry density of a soil at a particular compaction energy or effort is shown in Fig. 1.

$C:\Users\PA119-~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004$ Water-content and dry density of soil

What are the different types of tests can be carried out for fresh concrete, solid concrete?

Fresh concrete: Slump, Temperature, Cube test, Time. Solid concrete: Cube test, Hammer test, Core test. What is meant by S.P.T?

The standard penetration test (SPT) is an in-situ dynamic penetration test designed to provide information on the geotechnical engineering properties of soil

How do you get the field density for dry sand?

Select the area on dry sand, Saturate the surface, to be take test.

What is gradation of wet mix and road base? Max 50 aggregate and down.

What is frequency of gradation of Asphalt, Wet mix, Road base, Subbase?

7-Electrical work:

What you will check in electrical shop drawing?

I will check location of cable laying as per approved corridor, Clash with other services, Line and level, Verify Connection with existing, Required depth from FGL/OGL,Type of cable/material/size, Location of Substation/Pocket substation if will, Trench cross section, warning tape.

What is different type of cable?

Ans: 6.6kv, 11kv 3c*240mm and 3c*300mm no FOC cable, 33kv 3c *240mm and

3c*300mm FOC cable available, 132kv 3c*400mm FOC available, 400kv.

Type of new cables according to drawing:

1-W1 Cable: 3c*240mm sq.Cu.XLPE, 2-W Cable: 3c*240mm sq.Al.XLPE

3-Z1Cable: 3c*300mm sq.Cu.XLPE Type of old cable:

1-X1 Cable: 3c*185mm sq.Al.XLPE, 2-Y1 Cable: 3c*300mm sq.Al.XLPE

3-Z Cable: 3c*300mm sq.Cu.PILC

LV Cable size: 4C*300, 185, 120, 95, 50,25mm.

For Cables existing under the road what, will you decide for that?

Ans: If cable cross the road then lowered and protected. If cable parallel under the proposed road then relocation to be required at corridor as per requirement.

There are cables under internal roads, but there is no corridor available, your action?

Ans: Concern Authority decision to be required.

How will you solve the problem of ED cable corridor occupied by other service? Ans: Concern Authority decision to be required.

What is minimum vertical clearance for over head line? Ans: 15m from FRL.

TLMD: Transmission Lines Maintenance Department. Electrical cable drawing: 1-Cable layout plan, 2-Ring diagram.

Ring diagram: It is a diagram which shown all electrical cable laying detail from substation to

Size of 132 kV troughs: 5*2*.50m

Dewa ED Cable:

Handling, installation, jointing of Dewa ED cable to be carried out by Dewa ED

approved Sub Contractor.

All new cables, joint, tiles, tape, and accessories as required shall be supplied by

Dewa.

Ducts material to be UPVC as specified in the specification.

All excavation for 132kv, 33kv power cable should be done under Dewa supervision.

8-Street Lighting:

What you will check in Street light shop drawing?

I will check location of cable laying as per approved corridor, Clash with other services, Line and level, Pole location verify through coordinates, Feeder pillar location, Verify Connection with existing, Required depth from FGL/OGL,Type of cable/material/size, Type of pole/Laminar, Trench cross section, warning tape. Street Light general:

A minimum spacing of 15m shall be provided between light poles. Street light duct will be 100mm upvc.

Duct to be laid 90mm from FRL.

Street light pole height is: 3.5,5,8, 10,12,14,16,18,25,30

Cable will be: 4C*16MM2Cu+1C*16MM2Cu. Main cable will be: 4C*150MM2Cu.

Earthling system shall be supplied, installed and commissioned. Cable testing: Meger testing.

Cable joint: 1-Intermediate joint, 2-Shut down joint

XLPE: Cross linking polythene electric. PILC: Paper insulation cable.

9-Water supply:

What you will check in Water supply shop drawing?

I will check location of pipe laying as per approved corridor, Clash with other services, Line and level, Slope, Required depth from FGL/OGL, Type of pipe/material/size/clause, Chamber cover level, Gate valve, Butterfly valve, Air valve, Washout chamber Valve location verify through coordinates, Location of Connection with existing, To consider about house connection, Trench cross section, warning tape.

General detail:

v All road crossing for new laid pipe to be protected by using steel sleeve as per latest Dewa Standard.

v Low point should be selected for washout valve chamber.

v High point should be for Air Valve chamber.

v All new pipe shall be GRE material.

v Chamber cover slab top shall be level with paved surface and raised .50m for

open area and .35m for unpaved area as approved by Dewa.

v Solid block wall to be used for chamber if depth is less than 2m and

Reinforcement Concrete wall to be constructed if depth will more than 2m.

v GRP ladder shall be provided for access for all chambers more than 1.5m depth.

v Provide spindle extension with proper support for all Air valve and washout isolation valves of more than 1m depth.

v Valve spindle shall be 20mm dia up to 2m length and 25mmdia above 2m length.

v Gate valves shall be fixed for pipe up to 300mm dia.

v Warning tape thickness should be 300mm. What is the Pipe?

Ans: Pipe is round bar with nominal bore, wall thickness and outside dia. How Many Kinds of Pipe?

Ans: Normally two kind of Pipe. A-Flexible Pipe-Non-Flexible Pipe

Why Use of Valve?

Ans: 1- To divert flow, 2-Control flows,3-Stop flow 4-Safe flows. How Many Kinds of Process you can be joints pipes?

Ans: 1-Welding Joint, 2-Soldering Joint, 3-Coupling Joint, 4-Socket Joint, 5-Flange Joint,6-Repeat Joint, 7-Glue Joint, 7-Manufacturer Joint (Iron, Sent, National).8- Thread joint.9-Flexible joint.10-Bell and spigot joint.11-Reinforced overlay joint.12- Male Female joint.13-Lap joint.14-Butt and weld joint.

What is different type of pipe and their legend?

Ans: AC Pipe=Asbestos Cement Pipe,GRE=Glass reinforced epoxy,GRP=Glass reinforced plastic,PVC=Poly Vinyl Chloride,UPVC=Uni poly vinyl Chlorode,G.I.= Galvanization Iron,M.S=Mild steels ‘Stainless Steel,H.P.= High Pressure Pipe, C.P.= Cooper Pipe,C.I=Cast Iron,L.D.P.E=Low Density Polythene Pipe,HDPE Pipe=High Density Polyethylene pipe,PP=Polypropylene pipe,Ductile iron pipe. What do you check in water line shop drawing?

Ans: In water line shop drawing we should check line and level, pipe material, valve chambered as per contract drawing.

For waterline under road what will be your action?

Ans: If water line crossing the road then protection to be done. If water line parallel under the proposed road then relocation to be required as per corridor.

What is allowable cover for waterline?

Ans: 1 m from FRL up to 300mm dia pipe line and 1.2 m from FRL above 300mm dial pipe line.

How many type of water line.

Ans: 1-Transmission lines (main line), 2-Distribution line. What is water line protection in carriageway?

Ans: 1-By concrete encasement, 2-By Protection slab, 3-By steel sleeve (for main line).

What is different type of manhole and chamber for water supply?

Ans: 1-Construction middle chamber: Cover size: 900 *600mm, Chamber size:

1.5*1m

2-Upgrade middle chamber: Cover size: 1100*600mm, Chamber size: 2.1*1.4

3-Ferrul middle chamber: Chamber size: 600*450mm.

Manhole type: MH frame shall be square with circular clear opening 600mm dia and be single sealed.

GIS=Geographical information system,

Thrust block should be constructed: All bend, slope greater than 1/6 and stop end, tees.

Pressure test: The contractor shall provide water, all fitting, pipe stoppers, test pump, pressure gauge for pipe work testing.

The test pressure shall be 1.5 time the maximum working pressure or 9 bar whichever is greater.

Pressure test formula-1-.1*Pipe dia in mm*Pipe length in KM*Time in Hrs.*(Pressure in bar*10.199)

Pressure test allowable loss for 1 hours:

24*30

Pipe dia in mm*Pipe length in m *Time in hours*.000005

1 Bar = 10.199-meter head.

Test pressure shall be 1.5 times the maximum working pressure of 9 bars. Pressure test, Bacteria test, Chlorination test, disinfected test, Flushing test for cleaning.

Cleaning swab shall be used after cleaning the pipe. Procedure of Disinfected/clean test:

1-Pipe flushed out with clean water.

2-A stock disinfecting solution shall be prepared by mixing not less than 5 minutes in a clean container with sodium hypochlorite 12 % (available free chlorine) and distilled/clean in the proportion of 0.80 liter per cubic meter of water by volume.

3-After mixing the solution shall stand for a further 5 minutes

4-The main to be disinfected shall be filled with potable water at the same time.

5-As will result in a final solution containing 50 ppm free chlorine.

6-Every main charged with disinfecting solution shall stand for 24 hours.

7-After a sample shall be taken at a washout at a washout valve by contractor in the

presence of Engineer.

8-If the sample does not show at least 2 ppm free chlorine, disinfection shall be repeated.

9-If the sample is satisfactory the main shall be emptied, flushed out and filled with treated water.

10-Two further samples shall then be taken as before, one for further determination of free chlorine and the other in a sterilized bottle for bacteriological analysis.

11-If the free chlorine determination show more than 0.4 ppm free chlorine the main shall be flushed out again.

12-if the bacteria analysis is unsatisfactory then disinfection and sampling shall be repeated until satisfactory result are obtained before the main is commissioned. Explain about HDPE Pipes?

HDPE pipe is high density polyethylene material pipe which use in water, irrigation, sewerage networks. Ans:Size:75mm,90mm,110mm,150mm,180mm,200mm,225mm,250mm,280mm,31

5mm,355mm,400mm.

JOINTING METHODS FOR HIDE PIPES AND FITTINGS:

There are available number of types of jointing HDPE pipes depending on the size and type of application.

Types of joint: 1-Compression type, 2-Flange type, 3-Butt Fusion Welding 4- Electrofusion Welding.

Compression Type

For small pipe up to 125MM OD size, compression type joints are satisfactory. Fit the collar and clinching ring into the pipe and place the rubber O-ring at the tip of the pipe. Then push the body of the fitting until the pipe ends reaches its full stop. Slide the clinching ring and Collar (Nut) until it catches the fitting and tight fully using a belt or chain wrench.

$C:\Users\PA119-~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006$

Flange Type

Flange type is another type of conventional mechanical jointing. A HDPE Flange adaptor(Stubend) is butt welded to the pipe with the loose steel backing flange inserted inside. A standard number of bolts will be fitted to tighten the connection.

$C:\Users\PA119-~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008$ This type of connection is practical for application which requires easy serviceability in the future.

Butt Welding

Butt welding or Butt Fusion is a simplest and space-saving jointing method to connect the pipe and fittings of PE. The process starts by cutting the pipe ends straight and square to the axis and cleaned carefully by and electric planer. The pipes and fittings are held tight and pressed against a coated heating plate. As soon as the heating time and the required bead are reached, the heating plate is quickly withdrawn from the weld faces and the connection are pressed together to form a permanent joint.

$C:\Users\PA119-~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010$

Electrofusion Welding

This is an easy system for jointing pipes and fittings of HDPE. A pre-installed resistance wires are embedded in the inside surface of the electrofusion coupling. When the pipes or fittings are inserted in the coupling and the wires are connected to the welding unit, the contact surfaces become warm and consequently melt into each other until it forms a rigid and durable joint. A welding unit is available for this procedure which operates the timing automatically. This makes the whole operation very easy and practical especially in narrow and tight installations.

$C:\Users\PA119-~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012$

Explain about GRP Pipes?

Ans: GRP pipe is glass reinforced plastic material pipe and normally use for sewerage and storm water network its Length is 5,10 and12 m and Tolerance:

25mm

Explain about Polyethylene pipes?

Ans: It is (MDPE) median density polyethylene pipe and use normally in water and irrigation network, working pressure is 9 to 12 bar.

What is different type of Valve?

Ans: 1-Controll Valve, 2-Non return valve, 3-System valve.

Accessories for water network: 1-Gate valve/sluice valve,2-Butterfly valve, 3-Air release valve, 4-Wash Out valve,5-check valve,6-Lockable ball valve,7-Non return valve, Pressure sustaining and reducing valve.

Gate Valve: It is fix in the spindle and fit with a hand wheel is called Gate Valve. It shall be used for pipeline size 1-Up to 300mm dia.

2-Up to 450mm dia if service corridor width will be 1.5 or less than. Butterfly Valve: It shall be used for pipeline size 1-Above 450mm dia.

2-Above 300mm dia if service corridor width will be 1.5 or more than. Stop Valve: The spindle fit with a brass crutch head is called stop valve.

Lockable ball Valve: The service water meter where installed in wall mounted GRP

meter shall be isolated by a lockable valve.

None Return Valve: It shall be suitable for horizontal and vertical upward flow installation.

Water meter1/2 inch to 2 inch:

Resilient Seated Butterfly Valve: This valve is used above 350 to 1000 mm dia pipe line.

Air Release Valve: It is used for discharge air during charging of pipe and admits air during emptying.

What is different type of pipe tests?

Ans: 1- Pressure test, 2-Air test for SWD, 3- Bacteria test, 4-Chlorine test, 5- Mandrel test, 6-Gas pipe test, 7- Deflection test.8-Tensile strength test for HDPE Pipe,9-Flushing test,10-Hydrostatic test,11-Mirror test by Torch and Mirror,12- Chemical treatment disinfection test

What is different type of water meter?

Ans: 1-Flow meter, 2-Pressure meter, 3-Water quality meter. What is different type of bends for water network?

Ans: 11.25, 22.5,45,90 degree

What is Ferrule?

Ans: It is a screw down valve type allowing for the shut off of the flow. What is Service connection?

Ans: Tee, Connectors, Adaptor, Elbow, Coupling,

1M Cubic=220 Gallon

1 Bar =10m

1Gallon=4.5ltr

Design Calculation of Thrust Block:

1Bar pressure=100KN/M square. Density of soil: 18 KN/M3

Density of Concrete: 25KN/M3

Procedure/Method of work proposed connection with existing network (Shut

Down).

1-Notify to Dewa to shutdown request and obtained approval and shutdown will be executed under Dewa supervision.

2-Set out, 3- Locating of nearby valve chamber/washout chamber on the existing water line to shutdown carried out, 4- Expose the pipe line, break the line and drain out the water from the pipe line.5-Dewatering system shall be installed and discharge of water from existing network through drained tube to the nearby drainage network, 6-Connection to the existing pipe with newly laid network to use

necessary reducer and coupler as per approved shop drawing.

7-Debris will be clean and inform to Dewa operation department in energized the line slowly.

8-Inspection will be requested before backfilling.

What is the difference between the GRP and GRE? What is the advantages of each?

What is the required cover for the pipes under the road and in unpaved areas and shall it vary from dia to dia? How to avoid providing protection?

Under the road required cover for pipe is: 1.2 and unpaved area should be min:

1.00m.

Yes its shall vary of pipe dia to dia. Authority for decision.

10-Etisalat:

What you will check in Etisalat shop drawing?

I will check location of duct laying as per approved corridor, Location of house connection/Lead point, Clash with other services, Line and level, required depth from FGL/OGL, Type of duct/material/size/clause, Type of chamber, and Location of chamber very through coordinates, Cover level of chamber, Location of Connection with existing, Trench cross section, and warning tape.

What is different type of Escalate manhole?

Ans: JRC-4 size=1.215*.76*.92m, JRC-11, JRC-12 size=1.73*1.245*.92m

JRC-14 size=2.585*1.285*1.145m, MRT-7 size=2.78*2.45*2.23m, MRT-8B size:

3.32*2.70*2.12m, MRT-8C size: 3.32*2.70*2.42m, MRT-9 size: 2.23*1.85*1.97m

MR-2B, MR-2C, and MR-2D, MR-2E size: 2.95*1.15*2.27m, MR-4 size:

2.23*1.08*1.97m

MR-11 size: 3.95*1*2.12m

Write name and size of Etisalat maximum big manhole? Ans: MRT-8C, size=3.32*2.7*2.42m

How many maximum no of ducts entered in Etisalat manhole? Ans: 22 ways.

Cable bears wall:

Ducts: 2 Way D54 PVC internal dia 90mm, 2 Way D56 PVC internal dia 50mm

(Lead in ducts), 2 Way D54 PVC internal dia 50mm (Lead in ducts) Chambers accessories: Bolt, Cable \

Bearer’s wall, Frame and cover, Grating and sump, Iron anchor, Steps manhole, Reinforcement bars,

11-Storm Water Drainage:

What you will check in Storm Water Drainage shop drawing?

I will check location of pipe laying as per approved corridor, Slope, Matching with existing network, Clash with other services, Line and level, Required depth from FGL/OGL, Type of pipe/material/size/clause, Chamber cover level, MH/Chamber location verify through coordinates, Location of Connection with existing, To consider about house connection, Trench cross section, warning tape.

SWD Pipe size.

160mm,200mm,250mm,315mm,400mm,600mm,700mm,900mm,1000mm,1100mm

,1200mm

SWD Pipe Type: UPVC, GRP.

Slope: 0.018 min to .55 % maximum. Tolerance: 3mm

SWD Manhole Type: G, H, I, J, K, L

SWD Manhole size:1200mm,1500mm,1800mm,2100mm,2400mm. SWD Manhole depth: 1100mm to 9000mm.

SWD Cover and frame size: 600mm dia clear opening double semicircular heavy duty (Ductile iron) with epoxy protective coat and sealing plate should be provided. Wall thickness: 225mm to 350mm.

Base slab thickness: 250 TO 400mm. Top slab thickness: 250mm.

SWD type of gully cover frame size/Grating:

Side entry gully type A: 532mm * 405 *150 and depth from Cover to pipe invert level=1.53

Side entry gully type B: 532mm * 405 *150 and depth from FRL to pipe invert level=.65

Top entry gully type C: 600mm * 600 *100 and depth from FRL to pipe invert =1.60

What is different type of SWD manholes explain? Ans: SWD Manhole Type: G, H, I, J, K, L

MH type G: Manhole dia: 1200mm, Wall Thickness: 225mm, Pipe dia: Up to

250mm, Depth: 1100 to 2600mm

MH type H: Manhole dia: 1500mm, Wall Thickness: 250mm, Pipe dia: 250mm TO

600 mm, Depth: 2600 to 3500mm.

MH type I: Manhole dia: 1500mm, wall Thickness: 300mm, Pipe dia: 200 to 600mm, Depth: 3500 to 5400mm.

MH type J: Manhole dia: 1800mm, wall Thickness: 350mm, Pipe dia: 700 to

900mm, Depth: 3800 to 7700mm.

MH type K: Manhole dia: 2100mm, wall Thickness: 350mm, Pipe dia: 1000 to

1100mm, Depth: 9000mm

MH type L: Manhole dia: 2400mm, wall Thickness: 350mm, Pipe dia: more than1200mm, Depth: 9000mm

Write the construction steps of Storm Water Drainage manholes? Ans:1:Excavation,2:Bed preparation and compaction test,3- Blinding:75mm,4:Waterproofing on blinding surface, 5- Screed: 25mm,6-Base slab,7-Lower shaft Wall,8-Reducing slab, 9-Upper shaft wall,10-Top Slab,11- Precast concrete extension ring,12- Cover and frame fixing size=600mm dia,13- Benching $Channel,14:Epoxy mortar and 3 coat of epoxy paint protection to all internal concrete surface,15-Flexible joint,16-Grit bonding to pipe embedding concrete,17-Water proofing tanking membrane and protection board,18-Stainless steel safety chain19-Steel reinforcement to be grade 460,20-Steel reinforcement to be epoxy

Benching: This is a concrete which used inside the manhole for channel with 75 mm thickness.

Cradle: Wooden frame which is used for GRP pipe in stock pile. Trench width: W=1.5D+500

Finishing for internal surface of manhole/Epoxy mortar: Forsook powder+Nitobond chemical Water.

Epoxy mortar to be used for benching and channels in any manhole,chambers,pump station wet-well have a minimum 10mm thickness of an approve epoxy-resin mortar system.

The epoxy mortar system shall have excellent chemical resistant. The epoxy primer shall be used prior to epoxy mortar application.

Bitumen Emulsion: It shall be approved standard and shall not contain less than

53% of bitumen.

Pipe crown: Top level of pipe is called pipe crown. Steel reinforcement shall be grade 460 (BS 4449) Concrete repairing: Concrete repairing for the bulged etc.

1-Angle grinder to be used for grinding the bulged surface.

2-Use the air blower for cleaning the dust prior to apply bituminous coating. If any undulation found use recon PH for repair.

Concrete repair for cracks:

Ø Identify the crack location and marked affected area.

Ø Use the grinder to cut the cracks line 5mm deeper and 3mm wider to fill the repair material.

Ø Once the cutting complete use the air blower to clean the dust.

Ø Apply the Nitobond prior to fill the repair material.

Ø After filling the repair material with recon PH water spray or curing compound to be apply.

Ø Once the repair complete cover the area with hessian cloth for min 6 hours.

Repair of undulation/wave/wrinkle surface:

Ø Identify the location and marked the affected area.

Ø Use the Hilti breaker to chip the projected area grand the surface till match with correct level.

Ø The depressed area to be chipped by chipping hammer or light duty drill to make rough surface for bonding.

Ø Once chipping complete use the air blower to clean the dust.

Ø Apply the nitobond prior to fill repair material Recon PH.

Ø Once repair complete do the spraying water or use curing compound immediately.

Ø Cover the area with hessian cloth for min 6 hours.

SWD Test: Air test with monometer 100mm head before backfilling,

Hydrostatic test/Water Test: Allowable loss in liters=7.5*Pipe dia in meter*Pipe length in meter/30.

Deflection test for UPVC pipe 3% after initial installation and 5% prior to issue of completion certificate.

Deflection test for GRP pipe 0% after initial installation and 2% a day after backfilling and 4% prior to issue completion certificate.

Air Test procedure:

1-Plug all pipe outlets and brace each plug securely.

2-Air shall be pumped until pressure of 100mm head of water is indicated on a monometer connected to the system.

3-During further period of 5 minutes the pressure shall not fall below 75mm.

4-Release of air pressure shall be carried out by removal of stopper at the end of the pipe away from the manometer which will remain connected.

5-The contractor shall not permitted to commence the test latter than 4 hours after sunrise or earlier than 4hours before sunset during the summer period.

Warning tape: 1- 600mm below of FRL, if depth from FRL to top pipe barrel more than 900mm.

2-300mm above on pipe top barrel, if depth from FRL to top pipe barrel less than

900mm.

Steps for SWD Pipe Line inspection at site: Formation, Invert level & gradient, line, pipe diameter, pipe material, fitting accessories, position no of connection.

Subkha Stank wall: When pipe are laid on granular bedding a stank resistant barrier

shall be provided across the full width of trench and the complete depth of the bedding at interval not exceeding 50m and generally mid-way between manholes or chambers to be constructed.

Manhole/Chamber Form work/Shutter: In form work to be check supports, braces, tie rod, release agent, cleanliness, spacing of props, tightness of bolt and wedges, stop end, water bar, dowels, inserts dimensions, plumb, line and level.

Standard Slope of Drainage Gravity line:

Pipe Diameter in (mm) Min Slope in (mm) per meter Max Slope in (mm) per meter

160 6.60 74

200 4.9 55.00

250 3.65 41.00

315 2.7 30.20

400 2.00 22.15

500 1.50 16.65

600 1.20 13.20

700 0.97 10.85

800 0.82 9.15

900 0.71 7.90

1000 0.62 6.95

Flow Velocity 0.75 m/Sec

2.5m/Sec

12-Sewerage:

What you will check in Sewerage network shop drawing?

Sewerage Pipe size:

200mm,250mm,315mm,400mm,600mm,700mm,900mm,1000mm,1100mm,1200m m.

· Sewer pipe material: For pipe dia up to 315mm =upvc

· For pipe dia above 315mm=GRP.

· Slope: 0.027 min to .74 % maximum.

· Tolerance: 3mm

· Minimum 1% slop to be maintained for all house connection pipe.

· Pipe line tolerance in line and level shall be max 3mm in level.

· All concrete shall be 30/20.

· Steel reinforcement shall be Grade 460 and all steel bar to be epoxy coated.

· External concrete surface shall be protected with waterproofing tanking membrane 2.20mm and 6mm of protected board.

· All sewer manhole concrete benching and channels shall be protected with

GRP lamination.

· GRP liner shall have minimum thickness of 7mm.

· GRP bandage to liner shall extended 10mm either a joint.

· Granular bedding and surround with geotextile to be provided.

· Protection slab shall be provide where depth is less than 1.2 from FRL.

· Grit bonding shall be fixed where pipe is embedded inside the concrete for concrete bonding.

· At over excavation below pile line concrete bed to be cast.

· Protection warning tape shall be laid above pipeline and having the following properties.

· A-Chemical attack resist, be 150mm wide, have a detectable metallic tracing strip, to be laid 600mm below the ground level.

· All pile level related with Dubai Municipality datum.

· Minimum depth of proposed house connection should be .9m.

· All sewer house connection shall be extended up to plot boundary. Manhole Type: A, B, C, D, E, F

Manhole size:1200mm,1500mm,1800mm,2100mm,2400mm. Manhole depth: 1400mm to 9000mm.

Cover and frame:

Manhole cover and frame size: 600 *600mm square clear opening double triangular heavy duty (Ductile iron) epoxy protective coat with must be loosely coupled by stainless steel bolts with nuts to be provided and reinforcement plastic sealing plate min 5mm thick with rubber gas kit to be provided.

Inspection chamber cover and frame: Single seal 600mm * 600mm square clear opening heavy or medium duty and reinforcement plastic sealing plate min 5mm thick with rubber gas kit to be provide or alternative 600mm * 600mm square clear opening double triangular cover may be used subject to approval by Engineer. Recessed manhole cover: It’s used for all hard and grass turf landscaping area for landscape, Irrigation, Service utilities access.

In hard landscaping paving block are installed on top of cover and should follow orientation direction of adjacent paving.

Base slab thickness: 225 TO 400mm. Top slab thickness: 250mm.

What is different type of Sewerage manholes? Ans: Type: A, B, C, D, E, F

MH type A: Manhole dia: 1200mm, wall Thickness: 225mm, Pipe dia: 200MM, Depth: 1400 to 2600mm.

MH type B: Manhole dia: 1500mm, Wall Thickness: 250mm, Pipe dia: 200 to

600mm, Depth: 2600 to 3500mm

MH type C: Manhole dia: 1500mm, Wall Thickness: 300mm, Pipe dia: 200 to

600mm, Depth: 3500 to 5400mm

MH type D: Manhole dia: 1800mm, Wall Thickness: 350mm, Pipe dia: 700 to

900mm, Depth: 3800 to 7700mm.

MH type E: Manhole dia: 2100mm, Wall Thickness: 350mm, Pipe dia: 1000 to

1100mm, Depth: 4000 to 9000mm

MH type F: Manhole dia: 2400mm, Wall Thickness: 350mm, Pipe dia: More than

1200mm, Depth: 4000 to 9000mm.

Write the construction steps of Sewerage manhole?

Ans: 1:Excavation, 2:Bed preparation and compaction test,3-Blinding: 75mm, 4- Water proofing tanking membrane, 5-Screed: 25mm,6-Base slab, 7-GRP Liner fixing for lower shaft thickness 6.5mm,8-Wall concrete for lower shaft,9-Reducer Slab,10- GRP liner fixing for upper shaft, 11-Wall concrete for upper shaft.12- Precast concrete extension ring,13-Top slab concrete14- Manhole Cover and frame: 600*600 doubles triangular ,15- Benching $ Channel 75mm,16 -GRP Lamination on benching surface,17- GRP upper shaft lamination

18-Steel reinforcement to be grade 460,19-Steel reinforcement to be epoxy coated,20-Flexible joint,21-Grit bonding to pipe embedding concrete,22-Water proofing tanking membrane and protection board,23-Water tanking membrane, 24- Stainless steel safety chain,25- Backdrop connection if required.

Test for sewer pipeline:

1-Deflection test for UPVC pipe with Pig ball.

2-Deflection test for GRP pipe with deflecto machine.

3-Deflection test after laying the pipe should be: 3 %

4-Deflection test after backfilling the pipe should be: 5 %

5-Spark test used for joint checking of steel pipe. Grouting:

Grouting slump should be: 650 to 800mm. Grouting viscosity test time: 35 to 65 second. NDM:

NDM RC Sleeve in our project: ID=600MM,OD=760MM and Sleeve thickness=80mm.

Drilled mud: Utilized lubricate on the cutting heat during the drilling operation and stabilized the reamed bore path prior to and during back.

Mixture drilled mud: Fresh water+Bentonite clay.

Drilled mud characteristics: 1-Viscosity.2-Gel strength.3-Filtration.4-Fluid loss.5- Fluid density.6-PH.7-Lubricity.

For Course soil: Bentonite should be to used. For fine soil: Polymers added to bentonite. Tools and Equipment’s for tunnel boring:

1-Automatic Tunnel boring machine.2-Jacking frame with hydraulic jacks.3-Controll room for hydraulic power jecks.4-Feed$ Slurry pumps (Charge and discharge). 5- Separation units.6-Excavator/JCB.7-Trench sheets.8-I Beams.9-Plate

compactor.10-Ladder.11-Safety gears tools (Tripod, Winch safety belt). 12- Operation control cabin.13-TBM.14-Jack slurry flow and betonies injection.

The laser guidance: Laser target help to control the tunneling machine.it record the position of laser beam and the send the data via cable to the computer mounted the control panel of the control container.

Lamination of Manhole:

1-Surface cleaning and chipping on concrete surface.

2-Apply Seal putty/Base coat of resin reinforced with filler shall be trowel applied to approx. 1.5mm thickness.

3-Mix the epoxy Resin and hardener according to the mixing ratio as specify in the manufacturers recipe/formula.

4-Wet the concrete surface with the prepared resin/hardener mixture using a lamb wool roller.

5-Apply reinforced woven roving glass sheet first layer on wetted bonded surface at

50 % overlap and Saturated of each layer of winded glass sheet with resin mixture using the same lamb roller.

6-Repeat the same procedure above until the required number of layers specified for fit layer is completed.

7-After the application of the required reinforcement glasses.

8-Apply 2 layers of top tape glass sheet on the laminate surface to provide a smooth surface and level should be matched with the existing lamination.

9-Allow the completed lamination to self-cured and during this stage, remove excess resin using spatula to avoid resin runs at the bottom surface of the laminate after self-curing.

10-Lamination overlap should be min 75mm.

11-A minimum 7mm of GRP laminate shall apply in two layers.

12-For top surface on the benching shall be treated to produce a non-slip finish. Explain about the backdrop?

Back Drop: The process of drop the water prior to a manhole in order to lower the invert level of incoming pipe is called backdrop.

Backdrop requirement: If pipe entry connection level in the manhole is more than

.60m then backdrop should be required as per specification. Type of Backdrop: 1-External backdrop 2- Internal backdrop.

High-level entry: Direct pipeline connection in the MH/Chamber is called high level entry.

Geotextile Filters Fabric: It used for subsurface drainage work have ability to,

1-Separation, 2-Filtration, 3-Drain, 4-Protection, 5-Reinforcement, 6-Stabilized,

7-Uncounter chemical in soil water.

It shall be stabilized against ultra violet light, uncounted chemical in soil water. Weight should be=135g/m2

Purpose of Gravel surround in pipe trench: 1-To prevent against impact damage. 2- To provide protection from damage due to load 3-To protect the Pipe line against settlement 4-To easy for dewatering/water pump during the pipe will damage. Sewerage Pump station construction items:

1-Wet Well, 2-Submersible wet pump,3-Valve chamber, 4-Flow meter chamber with electromagnetic flow meter, 5-Diesel fuel storage tank,6-Cable trench for diesel tank,7- MCC room,8-Cable trenches,9-Activated carbon filters,10-Air

conditioning,11-Surge vessel and fitting grinding,12-Exhaust fan,13-Fire extinguisher.

Sewerage Test: Air test to start after pipe line is bedded and jointed and before backfilling with monometer 100mm head.

Hydrostatic test/Water Test: To start after backfilling the length of pipe under test and Allowable loss in liters=7.5*d*l/30 (d=diameter of pipe in meter-Length of pipe in meter).

Deflection test for UPVC pipe 3% after initial installation and 5% prior to issue of completion certificate.

Deflection test for GRP pipe 0% after initial installation and 2% a day after

Pipe Diameter in (mm)	Min Slope in (mm) per meter	Max Slope in (mm) per
meter
160	4.30	55.50
200	3.23	41.00

backfilling and 4% prior to issue completion certificate. Standard Slope of Sewerage Gravity line:

250	2.43	31.30
315	1.81	23.35
400	1.34	17.30
500	1.02	13.10
600	0.81	10.45
700	0.67	8.60
800	0.57	7.30
900	0.49	6.30
1000	0.49	5.55
Flow Velocity	0.75 m/Sec
2.5m/Sec
13-Irrigation:

Parts of Irrigation pump & Fire Fighting pump station:

1-TSE Supply connection.

2-Controll valve and metering arrangement as per DM standard.

3-Inlet chamber.

4-Overflow chamber.

5-Irrigation storage tank with volume V=1750m3 or 1750000 Liters

6-Combine Irrigation and Firefighting pump station.

7-Flow meter chamber.

8-MCC Panel room.

9-Outlet distribution pipe line.

10-Outlet Fire fighting distribution line DN 315 mm HDPE pipe line. Steps of waterproofing of pump station:

1-Blinding 100mm.

2-Waterproofing membrane, 3-50mm sand cement

Steps of waterproofing of MCC Roof Slab:

1-Cement screed 50mm,2-Waterproofing membrance,3-Insulation board 50mm thickness,4-Geotextile Fabric sheet,5-500*500*50mm precast cement tile.

Steps of internal waterproofing of pump station: Epoxy polysulfide 100mm micron thickness. General detail:

· Irrigation pipe diameter110, 165,200,250mm UPVC class D and 500mm.

· Fire Fighting pipe diameter 180,225,315mm HDPE pipe.

· Fire hydrant coverage area max radios 75m.

· Irrigation cover level shall be fixed 50mm above the ground level in planted area, 300mm above ground level in sikka area and 150mm below anticipated

finished level during landscaping contract.

· Denso tape to be provided for all expose nuts and bolts for chambers.

· Manhole cover shall be DI HEAVY DUTY 900*600MM.

· Provide GRP ladder if chamber depth in more than 2m.

· Chamber cover shall be green color epoxy coated to 300 micron.

· All joint shall be restrained joint type suitable for pressure of 16 bars.

· All chamber shall be RCC and waterproof.

· Chambers construction step:

· Concrete blinding, Flanged short upvc ppe,Flanged gate valve, Concrete support, I Flange adaptor, puddle flange, Flange coupling, UPVC pipe, Sump

pit,RCC Chamber,Manhole,600 *900mm clear opening for heavy-duty DI

cover.

· Pipe GRP inside the chamber.

· Pressure test to be conducted.

· The length of test section shall be max 500m.

· Pressure test to 1.5 times of the system working pressure for a period 24 hrs.

· 1m3=1liters

14-Concrete:

What is concrete?

It is mixture of sand, crush aggregate, Cement and water with different type of ratio. Clause of concrete: 45/20, 40/20, and 30/20, 20/20.

45 is compressive strength and 20 is the max size of aggregate. What is concrete mix design?

Design is blended/mixed of course/fine aggregate, water, cement and admixture is called concrete mix design. It used to achieve the required specify limit strength of concrete.

Concrete mix design procedure/Method:

1-Aggregate/Cement sources to be verified.

2- Aggregate/Cement chemical and physical test.

3-Admixture chemical test and source to be verified.

4-Water chemical test to be finalized.

5-Aggregate Gradation/percentage to be finalized.

6-Min cement to be added.

7-Minimum W/C ratio finalized as per requirement.

8-Lab trail conducted (Cube, slump to verify).

9-If lab trial will found ok and within the specific limit then.

10-Go for plant trial.

11-Plant trial will conduct.

12-Initial slump will verified at 20 minutes, 30, 60, 90,120 and 2 hours.

13-Bleeding, Fresh density and Air void (max 2 %) will determined.

14-After one hour cube will take.

15-Compressive strength should be checked after 3,7,28 days.

16-Then Durability test will verified such as RCP (Rapid chloride penetration), Water absorption, ate penetration tests.

17-If all test will meet as per requirement then will consider that plant trial is ok. Explain briefly about the trial mix of concrete to determine the concrete mix design? Preliminary laboratory test trial shall be carried out to determine the job mix design to satisfy the specification with approved material. 3 trial mixes shall not less than the mean strength.

Trial mixed shall be tested to determine the following properties of mix.

1. Bleeding (None vibrating) not exceed 0.5%, 2. Drying shrinkage, 3. Air content, 4. Water, Cement ratio, 5. Workability, 6. Fresh and hardened concrete densities, 7. Compressive strength, 8. Water permeability max 10mm for 28 days and max

15mm for 7 days, 9. Chloride permeability, 10. Initial setting $ Hardening time

11. The variables which can be controlled area.

A-Water cement ratio b-Maximum aggregate size c-Aggregate grading d- Aggregate/Cement ratio e-Use of admixtures.

What is the general range of W/C ratio for the concrete?

0.425 -.650

Example of mix design:

Mix design for: C 40/20 MSRC

Total Cementation MSRC GGBS W/C Ratio Slump (mm) Density Total Agg

Agg/Cement

Ratio

4.77

Kg/m3 Kg/m3 Kg/m3 Kg/m3 Kg/m3

400 400 0.36 125 +- 25 2461 1910

B.Down% MSRC	Approved local source	Kg/m3	400
100
20mm crushed coursed aggregate	RAK	Kg/m3	630
33
10mm crushed coursed aggregate 20	RAK	Kg/m3	382
5mm crushed washed sand	RAK	Kg/m3	592
31
Dune sand	Al Ain	Kg/m3	306

Material Description Source Unit SSD Weight

16
Free water	ADWEA	Lt/m3	144
Sikaplast 400	SIKA	Lt/m3	3.00-6.00
Spectra 190	Envirocon	Lt/m3

Mix design for: C 40/20 SRC

Total Cement Air content GGBS W/C Ratio Slump (mm) Density Total Agg

Agg/Cement

Kg/m3

0.42

Kg/m3

5.15

370

130 +- 30

2434

1909

Material Description

Down%

Source

Unit Batch Weight

SRC

20mm crushed coursed aggregate

Approved local sour

RAK

ce Kg/m3 370

Kg/m3 599

10mm crushed coursed aggregate

5mm crushed washed sand

Dune sand

Free water

Total weight: 2434 kg

Volume Ltrs/M3:1000

Coarse Aggregate %: 50.7

RAK

Al Ain

ADWEA

Size

20mm

10mm

5mm

Dune Sand

Fine Agg %: 49.3

Kg/m3 365

Kg/m3 699

Kg/m3 238

Lt/m3 155

Aggregate percentage

Source % Crushed Lime Stone 31.51

Crushed Lime Stone 19.2

Crushed Lime Stone 36.77

Al Ain 12.52

Aggregate Cement Ratio: 5.1

· The dosage of admixture will vary as per working condition but within manufacturer recommendation.

· Extra superplasticizer may be added on site to enhance workability if necessary under the supervision of expert technician but only as per the instruction of the consultants.

· Mix design detail given are subject to variation as material properties varies.

· Cementitious material: As per project specification and relevant British standard, imported local,

· Admixture complying to ASTM C429 Type G/Bsen-934-2

· Free water cement ratio does not include water in admixture.

· Fresh concrete temperature will be achieved by using chilled water and Flaked ice.

Table of concrete mixes without any admixture or additive:

Concrete class Max Size aggregate Min Qty of cement Max Free Water/Cement ratio Characteristic cube strength

days N/mm2

mm kg.per m3 7-days N/mm2 8-

45/20 20 400 0.425 33

40/20 20 370 0.475 30

37/20	20	350	0.50	26
37
35/20	20	330	0.525	25
35
30/20	20	310	0.55	20
30
25/20	20	275	0.60	16
25
15/20	20	250	0.65	10
15

What are the constitute of concrete and what part each play in the quality in the concrete.

Constitute of concrete are sand, aggregate, cement and water, sand and aggregate are play important rule in concrete.

Why do you compact concrete what are the different way of doing it.

We compact concrete, 1- for proper placing and density,2-to avoid any defect like honeycombing,3-Reduce the air voids, Compaction is carried out by vibrator by mechanical or electromechanically poker vibrator.

What are the main factors affecting the mix design?

1-Workability, 2-Durability, 3-Economy.

How do you test quality of concrete and what are the effects of temperature on concrete?

Compressive strength test is an important test to check quality of concrete. Effect of temperature on concrete: The rate at which chemical reaction and hydration of cement take place is influenced by temperature. Within the limit the reaction takes place more quickly as the temperature is raised.

What is the purpose of slump test?

To measure the consistency (strength) of cement concrete mix is called slump test. Or To check the workability is called slump.

What are the different types of slump and what are reason of different types of slump?

Slump test is basically measure of consistency or the witness of the mix.

Different types of slump depend on the type of mixes. Types of slump:

1-True slump: The concrete after slump evenly all around.

2-Shear slump: One half of the cone may slide down the other when the mix is harsh or lean.

3-Collapse: does not slump but collapse totally.

Consistency: Consistency of concrete as measured by slump cone is an indicator of relative water content in the concrete mix. An increase in water content required to achieve workable mix produce greater fluidity and decrease internal friction and on the other hand reduction in water content will reduce the mobility and compatibility which poses difficulty in placement and consolidation.

It witness of the mix.

Give reason of cracks in concrete?

Bleeding, Steel mesh on surface, excess heating, more water, What is different test in aggregate?

A. Course Aggregate:

1.Grading,2-Content of clay lumps,3-Soft fragments,4-Sodium or Magnesium sulphate soundness,5-Los Angeles Abrasion,6-Aggregate crushing value,7-Impact value,8-Flakiness and Elongation index,9-Chloride and sulphate content.

B.Fine Aggregate:

1-Grading, 2-Content of clay lumps, 3-Content of organic impurities, 4-Sodium or

Magnesium Sulphalte soundness. What is the flakiness index?

It is the percentage by weight of aggregate particles whose least dimension thickness is less than .6 of their mean dimension. This is applicable to size larger than 6.3mm.

What is the Elongation index?

It is the percentage by weight of particles whose greatest dimension or length is greater than the 1 and 4/5 or 1.8 times then their mean dimension. The elongation index applicable for size smaller than 6.3mm.

What is Aggregate crushing value?

The strength of course aggregate may be assessed by aggregate crushing test

.The aggregate crushing value provide a relative measure of resistance to crushing under gradually applied compressive load .

What is workability?

The process of concrete transport, place and finish with easily way is called workability.

It is the property of the freshly mixed concrete which determine the ease and

homogeneity/similarity with which it can be mixed, placed, compacted and finished. W/C ratio are impact the concrete strength workability.

Write down concrete workability test?

1-Slump test/Consistency of concrete, 2-Flow test, 3-V.B test, 4-Compaction factor. What are slump, VEB, Compaction factor test?

Slump, web, and compaction factor are basically method of measuring the workability of fresh concrete.

Slump test: To measure of consistency/workability /witness of concrete mix is called slump. This test is suitable only for concrete of medium to high workability (that is slump 25 to 125mm).

Compaction factor: Compaction factor test measured workability in an indirect manner that is the amount of compaction achieved for a given amount of work. This test has been hold to to be more accurate than slump test especially for concrete mix of medium and low workability that is compacting (factor of 0.9 to 0.8)

Vee-Bee Test: It is preferable for stiff concrete mixes having low or very low workability .it has advantage that concrete in the test received similar treatment as it would be in actual practice. Since the end point of the test is to be ascertained visually, it introduces a source of error which is more pronounced for concrete

mixes of high workability and consequently record low Vee Bee time. This test is not suitable for and above 75mm slump.

What is durability of concrete and what test are related and performed what value

are required?

Resistance to failing influence of concrete is called Durability. Recommendation for durability concrete:

1-Limit for max water-cement ration, 2-Cement content, 3-Cover thickness, 4-Type of cement.

The test required for durability:

1-Initial surface absorption test.

2-Water permeability test.

3-Rapid chloride permeability test

What are the tolerances in the different concrete structures? For all buried concrete = +25mm - 12mm,

For soffit edge beam and sides of parapet plinth =3mm

For all other concrete=6mm

What will defects coming in concrete after pouring?

1-Shrinkage cracks on top surface due to less/more water, 2-Honey combing, 3- Seggregation, 4-Bulging.

What is curing and purpose?

Curing is to prevent lose of moisture process in concrete is called curing. Purpose: 1-To prevent cracks, 2-To increase strength.

What is different type of concrete curing?

1-Water curing, 2-Steam curing, 3-Curing compound Temperature: Concrete temperature max 32C° Ambient/Air temperature max 40C°

Water temperature max 25 C° and min 5 C° PH value of water 7-9

What is the function of admixture?

To delay the setting time of concrete, To increase concrete strength, To increase the w/c ratio.

What is the final and initial setting time of concrete? Min 45 minutes, Max48 hours

What is the type of admixture used in concrete?

1. Pasty Seizer admixtures: These are used to improve the concrete workability

(increase the slump without increasing the water cement ration).

2. Waterproofing admixtures: To use reduce the concrete permeability/penetrability/absorbency and thus increase its density and directly increases the quality of concrete against leakage as for water tanks concrete.

3. Retarders admixtures: This type of admixtures are mainly used to increase the time of initial setting of the cement in concrete.

4. There are also other types of admixtures used for concrete to increase its strength or to give special colors.

5. Admixtures are used also for curing of concrete which are known as curing compounds.

How you will check a good quality of aggregate?

Sp Gravity, ACV (aggregate crushing value),Soundness, LAA loss angles abrasion. How you will design a concrete mix?

Complete workout for quality test of aggregate both course and fine, lab trail, site trial and evaluation of job mix formula.

Mention 5 types of Portland cement used in concrete structures and explain the use of each type.

There are many types of cements but mainly following types can be considers:

1. Cement type 1/OPC: It is as defined by ASTM or ordinary Portland cement (OPC as per BS). This type is mainly used when sulphate attack is very low and chloride percentage is medium for example it is used n superstructures and it is used in hot weather structures.

2. Cement type 2/Low heat cement: It is modified cement as defined by ASTM -

C150 and this cement is Portland low heat cement as defined by BS. This type of cement is mainly suitable for concrete incase where chloride and sulphate us existing and also used in massive concrete where heat is exerted due to chemical action.

3. Cement type 3/Rapid hardening cement: It is as defined by ASTM - C150 or rapid hardening Portland cement as defined by BS. It is used for cold weather structures.

4. Cement type 4/Rapid setting cement: It is equivalent to rapid setting Portland cement as per BS and it is sued for structures under water.

5. Cement type 5/SRC: It is as defined by ASTM - C150 or sulphate resisting cement as defined by BS. It is mainly used for structures subject to sulphate attack, such as formation.

6-White Portland cement,7-Portland blast furnace cement (slag cement). Precautions which should be taken into consideration during concreting in hot weather:

1-Shading the aggregate, cement and sand.

2-Cooling the water to add ice.

3-Wetted the formwork and steel reinforcement.

4-Concrete surface cover with hessian cloths and polythene sheet to stop water evaporation and plastic shrinkage.

5-Continuous curing of concrete min 7 day.

6- It is generally advisable to choose the time of concreting when temperature does not exceed 35Cº or as per the Specifications.

7-To Reduce the time between the placements of concrete

Cube test: For compressive strength. Proctor test: For MDD/OMC

Core test: Compressive strength.

W/C Ratio: Water diluted by the cement used in design per meter cubic is called

W/C ratio.

Integrity test: To check the physical dimension continuity, cracks, budging, and consistency, of material used in the pile concrete is called integrity test. Concrete inspection at site: Concrete mix, slump, temperature, cubes sample,

concrete curing, concrete placing, compaction, grout, loss control, finishing work, protection against weather condition, Segregation, honeycombing.

Bulging: An extended/protruding part of concrete is called bulging.

Segregation: The separation of course aggregate from the concrete mix in plastic stage is called segregation.

Honeycombing: A rough, void surface on concrete is called honeycombing.

Recon PH Uses: It is suitable for small repair to precast concrete elements, column,

beams and fair faced concrete.

Mixing: Use 5 to 6 liters of water for every 25 kg bag depending on consistency required.

Explain about Nit bond?

Fosroc Nitobond SBR: Its water resistant polymer additive to provide good adhesion to concrete.

Uses of Nitobond: For improving and bonding concrete repair mortars.

Nitobond is modified rubber emulsion which is supplied as a ready to use white liquid.

Properties of Nitobond: 3:1 sand: cement mortar containing nitobond in the properties 10 liters per 50 kg cement against a 3:1 sand cement control mortar. How do you perform the quality control for the concrete works?

1-Dimension/Location of the reinforcement, 2-Properties of the concrete mix design,

3-Mixing of concrete, 4-Slump, 5-pouring of concrete, 6-Water addition, 7- Vibration/compaction of concrete, 8-Control of compression test samples, 9-Control of formwork and removal.

What is the effect of water cement ration on the concrete? Workability and compressive strength of highly effect of W/C ratio.

7 days cube strength will be 75 % and 28 days cube strength will be 99 %. Please indicate approx. Initial and final setting time of cement?

30 minutes is the minimum initial setting time and 600 minutes is the maximum time

How do you minimize the shrinkage cracks?

Shrinkage cracks appear, due to excess water, rapid drying of concrete, improper strength of aggregate, Lack of control joint,

Would you recommend concrete be poured at night or in daytime?

Any time pored it’s depend on temperature if too hot so avoid day time.

What would you do if during concrete pouring temperature of concrete exceeded as per specification requirement?

1st we have to verified, what type of concrete, if non structurer and within one or two degree are over accept and warn to contractor should be avoided next time. Load test of hardening RCC slab?

This test is to be carried out if cube test and core test has failed to attain the minimum characteristic strength specified for concrete.

The test procedure is to be apply test load gradually by concrete blocks or sand bags.

The load remove after 24 to 48 hours and find deflection that remain in the slab is to be measured.

The test load shall be greater of: DL+1.25 Live load.

Slab can be considered satisfactory if recovery of deflection if more than: 75 %. What is ultras sonic test?

It is for checking the pile are integrally casted and is not discontinued any or different in cross section.

What is the range of specific gravity of aggregate and the water absorption to be used in concrete work?

2.5 To 2.9 %, 2% max.

What is the name of test, which is adopted to measure the durability of aggregate against weathering?

Soundness test.

Why does air entrained concrete is more durable that non air entrained concrete? Voids created will relieve any forces.

What are different types of strength?

1-Compressive strength, 2-Tensile strength =Flexural, Split strength. Flexural Strength:

It is the ability of beam or slab to resist failure in beam. Explain the Density and Specific gravity?

Density: Ratio of weight and volume is called density.

Specific Gravity: Ratio of the material weight and same volume weight of water is called specific gravity.

How do you check the workability of the mix? Through slump test and physical inspection. Define test of the durability of the concrete?

Compressive strength of concrete test taken to check the durability in concrete. What is the rule of water cement ratio?

Workability achieved, to obtain good strength of concrete we need an appropriate water cement ratio.

What is the limit of speedy/fast moisture?

The rate of evaporation of the moisture in concrete is called speedy moisture. It should not increase max 1kg/hrs. M2

What is creep and humidity effect on concrete?

In elastic deformation due to load is called creep. Do you know permeability test?

Define the following?

Water absorption, Bulk specific gravity, S.S.D, Apparent specific gravity

Please make a mix design of concrete from following data: - Cement = 370 kg, W/C

ratio = 0.45, 3/8” aggregate = (SSD sp. gr. - 2.70) = 30%, 3/8” aggregate = (SSD

sp. gr. - 2.68) = 20%, sand = (SSD sp. gr. - 2.65) = 50%

What is the density of the mix?

How do you control the grading of the san fraction used in the approved mix? What

Maximum salt content you would allow?

What relationship you have found between 7 days and 28 days cube strength? Concrete mix design given the cement =380, Water cement ratio=0.42, Combine aggregate moisture=1.2%, Specific gravity density of combine aggregate=2.75? Please make a mix design of concrete from following data-Cement=370kg, W/C ration=0.45, 3/8 inch aggregate=30%, Sand=50%?

15-Kerbstone/Concrete Barrier/Guard Rail:

Ø Type of Kerbstone: Upstand Kerbstone=.915*.305*.15M, Flush Kerbstone=0915*.210*.15, Drop size same as Upstand Kerbstone, Heel Kerbstone=.20*.075*.15 m, Quadrant Kerbstone.

Ø To be laid with 3:1 mortar bedding and 2.5cm mortar thickness

Ø Concrete to be used of class 25/20.

Ø Joint between radius Kerbstone shall have clear width of 4mm and filled with sand cement.

Ø Joint between straight Kerbstone to be max 3mm and filling to be not required.

Ø Expansion joint to be provide between each 9m length of Kerbstone and joint to be filled with with approve joint filler board 10mm thickness to form and expansion joint.

Ø Filler board shall extended through the Kerbstone, bed, backing concrete and shall be trimmed to the finished shape of the kerb.

Ø Kerb shall be laid with a tolerance of 3mm plus or minus.

Drop Kerbstone=3m for pedestrian crossing and 4M for vehicular crossing.

Concrete Barrier:

Purpose of Concrete barrier:

1-To protection of existing structure like street light, Signage gantry.

2-To provide protection of live vehicle to collapse edge of road if road height are more than 6m from sides.

3-Fro bridges construction if embankment height will more than 6m Concrete barrier should be provided.

Types of Concrete barrier:

1-Single face concrete barrier size is 6 m length*.4 width from bottom and .17m from top*.94 depth.

2-Double face concrete barrier barrier size is 6 m length*.65 width from bottom and

.19m from top*.94 depth

3-Slotted concrete barrier, Slotted barrier opening shall be: 80*500 mm @3m center to center.

4-Transition concrete barrier.

Dowel bars should be 25mm dia deformed reinforcement bars. Max joint spacing section shall be 6m.

All concrete to be 40/20 unless otherwise noted.

Guard Rail:

Guard Rail: Type of guard rail: 1-Single face 2-Double face. Guard rail end terminal/Approach end:

1-Flared (widening) end terminal, 2-Straight end terminal.

Fixing type: 1-By driven, 2- By concrete encasement (rarely to be used)

Parts of guard rail: 1-Galvanized steel post 2-Galvanized steel block, 3-Galvanized steel W shape rail splice.

For bridges construction if embankment height will more than 3m guard rail should be provided.

Typical guard rail termination at light pole location with double face and single face. Fixing method: By driven without concrete, the driven portion with concrete.

16-Subbase:

What is sub-base?

The mixture of natural gravel/crushed course and fine up to 63mm max size as per gradation which have 30 % min CBR at 95 % maximum dry density is called Sub base.

Ø CBR should be 30 % minimum.

Ø Compaction 95 % minimum.

Ø Compaction thickness not more than 150 mm.

Ø Aggregate size 63mm down.

Ø Plasticity index in the range of 4 to 6.

Ø Sand equivalent shall be not less than 35.

Ø Tolerance of sub base 10mm.

Ø Minimum test required one sample for every 3000 M3 for: Grading, PI, MDD, CBR, Loos by abrasion.

Ø Insitue density test 1 @ 750 M2

Ø Physical properties test not exceed the following test values:

Liquid limit max : 35% Los Angeles abrasion : 35% max Linear shrinkage : 3% Compaction test : 95% mg/m3

Plasticity index : 6% Acid Soluble (Sulphate content) .5% MAX Stone size : 63mm Acid soluble (chloride content): 1%

17-Road Base:

What is Road-base?

Ans: The mixture of gravel or crushed rock course and fine up to 50mm max size as per specified gradation which have 80 % CBR at 98 % maximum dry density is called Road base.

Ø Road base mix at site and lay by grader.

Ø Aggregate size should be 50mm down.

Ø CBR 80% at 98 % maximum dry density.

Ø Tolerance of road base 10mm.

Ø Compaction thickness not more than 150 mm.

Ø Trial for aggregate road base shall be constructed maximum 250 linear meter.

The object for Trial to be taken is: 1-To find adequacy/capability of contractor equipment, 2-To find loose depth measurement of material, 3- To know field moisture content, 4- To know number of compaction pass, 5-To find density of material.

Ø Minimum test required one sample for every 1000 M3 for: Grading, PI, MDD, CBR and Loos by abrasion.

Ø Insitue density test 1 @ 300 M2 of prepared road surface.

Physical properties test not exceed the following test values:

Liquid limit : 25% Water absorption : 2% Linear shrinkage : 3% Aggregate crushing value : 25% Plasticity index : 6% Flakiness index : 35% Stone size : 50mm Elongation index : 35% Sand equivalent not less than: 40 Soundness : 12% Acid soluble chloride : 1% Acid Soluble sulphate : .5% Max dry density : 2.00 mg/m3 CBR : 80% Fine Aggregate : 2.3 % Max

What is base or sub-base or road base?

Combination of crushed mineral aggregates with specific gradation as per project Specification generally CBR should be 65 to 80 at 98% MDD is called base/subbase/road base.

18-Wet mix macadam:

What is Wet mix macadam?

The mixture of crushed rock course and fine well graded aggregate material up to

50mm max size as per specified gradation which have 80% CBR at 100%

maximum dry density is called Wet mix macadam.

1. Wet mix macadam mixed at plant and lay by paver.

2. Aggregate size should be 50mm and down.

3. CBR should be 80% min.

4. Compaction 100 % min.

5. Trial shall be constructed and trail length to be 250m.

6. Normal grading 70% aggregate and 30% sand.

7. Moisture content 4.5% to 6.5%.

8. Layer thickness not exceeds 150mm.

9. Tolerance of wet mix 10mm.

10. Compaction trial to be taken prior to commencement of wet mix macadam road base operation.

10-Minimum test required one sample for every 1000 M3 for: Grading, PI, MDD, CBR, and Loos by abrasion.

11-Insitue density test 1 @ 250 M2 and at shoulder 1 @ 450 m. Physical properties test same above mentioned road base test.

19-Prime Coat: Bitumen Kerosene oil:

What is medium curing prime coat i.e. MC-0MC-1, MC-2.

The application of low viscosity liquid bitumen material on granular base prepared surface for asphalt laying is called Prime coat MC-70 Spray.

Purpose of prime coat:

1-It used on top surface of road base to seal moisture content $ water bound absorb on top surface of road base.

1A-To coat and bond loose material on the base surface.

2-To harden or toughen the base surface to provide a work platform for construction equipment.

3-To plug capillary voids in the base course surface to prevent migration of moisture.

4-To provide adhesion between the base course and the succeeding course.

5- General detail:

Ø Prime coat shall be medium curing cut back asphalt grade MC-70.

Prime coat is spray over road base or wet mix to seal the moisture content and penetration.

Ø The rate of application should be between .7 to lit/m sq to 1.5 lit/m sq.

Ø Curing time should be 48 hrs.

Ø Temperature 60 degree to 80 degree.

Ø There are three types for prime coat

MC-0 means medium curing zero viscosity. MC-1 means medium curing on viscosity. MC-2 means medium curing two viscosities.

Material detail:

1-MC-70 Medium curing -----Used kerosene oil.

2-SC -Slow curing -------- Oil of low vitality.

3-RC -Rapid curing ---------Gasoline.

Why it is necessity the prime coat must be fully dry.

Ans: Because it is applied to water-bound absorbent surface. If prime coat is too wet then it cannot be absorbed properly.

What is prime coat/Tack coat quantity formula?

Ans: Prime coat=Weight of prime coat in KG ÷Area of board= Kg/m2

Test for Prime coat MC-70 Spray:

Limit

1-Saybolt furel viscosity 60-120

2-Flash point @50C degree Min 30%

3-Water content Max .2%

4-Penetration@25 degree C 120-250

5-Ductility @ 25 degree C Min- 100

6-Solubility Min- 99

7-Viscosity@60 degree C 60- 10

20-Tack Coat:

What is Tack Coat?

It is Emulsified Asphalt diluted with an equal quantity of water 1:1 ratio is called tack coat.

General detail:

Ø Temperature- 10 degree to 60 degree

Ø Rate of application =0.30- 0.60 L/M sq

Ø Curing time should be 1 hrs.

Ø Ambient temperature not less than 13 degree centigrade for both.

Ø SS-1h:Slow setting 1hrs

Ø A slow-setting emulsion, either SS-1, CSS-1, SS-I h, or CSS-1 h, works well when diluted 50/50 with water.

Why do we need tack coat.

To hardening and toughening between two layers of asphalt we use tack coat.

If each asphalt layer/lift is place in rapid success a tack coat may not necessary. However a good cheapest insurance policy is to always use tack coat.

Why should you cut the joint straight/clean /apply tack coat.

Ans: To obtain proper bonding with new asphalt to get neat joint. Test for Tack Coat Spray:

Limit

1-Saybolt furel viscosity 20-100

2-Specific gravity 1.017

3-Storage stability 1 Max

4-Residue by distillation 57 Min

5-Penetration @ 25 degree C 40-90

6-Ductility @ 25 degree C 40 Min

7-Solubility 97.5 Min

21-ASPHALT WORK:

What do you understand by Bitumen mix or Asphalt concrete?

Ans: Asphalt is use in the surface layer of road. The mix is composed usually of aggregate and asphalt cement.

Bitumen binder: The bitumen shall be prepared by refining crude petroleum by suitable method and shall be free from water and shall not foam when heated to

175 degree C.

What is difference between bitumen macadam and asphalt concrete?

Ans: Bitumen macadam: The mixture of bitumen and course mineral aggregate is called Bitumen macadam.

Asphalt concrete: The mixture of bitumen and well graded, high quality mineral aggregate laid and compact while hot is called Asphalt concrete.

What are the different types of pavements? Ans: 1-Flexible, 2-Rigid pavement.

What are the different types of asphalt?

Ans: There are four main types of asphalt: 1- Hot mix asphalt concrete, 2- Warm mix asphalt concrete, 3-Cut-back asphalt concrete, 4-Mastic asphalt concrete. What are the grades in asphalt?

Ans: 40/50, 60/70, 80/100.

What is mean by traffic analysis?

Ans: To determine present and future traffic volumes for pavement design purpose is called traffic analysis.

How the total thickness of asphalt pavement is determined. Ans: 1-Traffic to be serve over the design surface life

2-The strength of the prepared sub grade (i.e. CBR.value). Explain JMF in detail?

Ans: The combination of bitumen content and blended aggregate with all specific requirements like voids, stability, flow, density (compaction) and using marshal test and field trial is called JMF.

Object of job mix design in asphalt:

The overall object is to determine an economical blend gradation of aggregates (within the specification limit) and corresponding asphalt content that yield a mix having the desired qualities as per the specification.

Brief description:

1. To be ensure job mix for bituminous paving course to be designed by Marshall

Test.

2. Preliminary lab test shall be carried out to determine the mixes to satisfy the specification with approved material.

3. Prior to finalization the proposed job mix with bitumen content In base course 3.2 to 4.4 (by weight of total mix) In Binder/Wearing course 3.4 to 4.4 (by weight of total mix)

4. Shall be compacted to refusal (400-600 blows) and the resulting voids in the mix shall not be less than 2% for asphalt concrete and 3% for D.B.M.

5. Trial area to be constructed having length of at least 30 m. What is the Marshall quality of asphalt mix design?

It the most common method used for design of HMA 9Hot Mix Asphalt) .It is applied according to ASTM 1559.The marshal method uses standard test specimens of height 64mm and diameter102mm. The specimen is prepared using as below mentioned steps:

To determine aggregate grading, asphalt binder, stability, flow, Marshall Density, and voids is called marshal mix design. It shall be determined for marshal

specimens which are made from plat/site trial is called Marshall Mix Design method. The Marshall Mix Design method was originally developed by Bruce Marshall of the Mississippi Highway Department in 1939.

The mix shall be tested in accordance with the following method:

Ø Preparation and testing of Marshall Specimen: ASTM D1559 using 75 blows per face.

Ø Aggregate greater than 25.4 mm shall be replaced with an equivalent weight of 19 to 25.4mm material.

Ø Bulk specific gravity of specimens: ASTM C 1188. Preparation Marshal Sample to finalized mix:

1-Determination of physical properties, size and gradation of aggregates and blending of aggregate.

2-Selection of types of asphalt binder.

3-Prepare initial samples, each with different asphalt binder content.

4-Testing of mould for bulk density to determination sample weight and with formula calculation, stability and flow checking through machine, GMM value for different bitumen content, Work out VMA, VFB, Air Voids.

5-Plot graph between bitumen content and Air voids, stability, flow, VMA, VFB, Bulk density, workout bitumen content corresponding to 4% air voids and check all other parameters corresponding to this bitumen content if all parameter met than this will serve as initial.

6-Optimum bitumen content, afterwards we cast marshal molds using this bitumen content, test all parameters, if ok then we go for a trial patch see the performance of mix by making a trial patch.

7-Corresponding to 4% air Voids we work out the bitumen content from the graph and then check other parameters corresponding to this bitumen content if it is satisfied all parameters then it will serve as initial optimum bitumen content. Afterward we cast Marshall Mould using this bitumen content, test all parameters, if ok then we go for a trial patch.

Determination specific limit during asphalt laying.

1-Asphalt sample collect from loaded truck at asphalt plant.

2- Asphalt sample temperature required: 142-147 C

3-Determination of Bitumen content in lab by ignition method to 540 degree temp.

4-Determination of Sieve analysis.

5-Fill asphalt in 4 nos mould for sampling.

6-Compact filled material with hammer (weight 4.5kg) 75 blows each side.

7-Mould open after 24 hours.

8-Take sample dry weight.

9-Put sample in water for 3 minutes.

10-Take sample wet weight.

11-Take sample SSD/Saturated Surface Density weight (again dry with cloth).

12-Determination of Bulk Density: Sample wet weight –sample SSD weight/sample dry weight

Minimum density required: 2,000 kg/m3

13-Determination of Stability and Flow checking through machine:

a) Keep sample into water bath in 60-degree C temperatures for 35 minutes. b) Put out sample from water bath.

c) Check Stability and Flow through machine. d) Minimum stability required: 9800N

e) Minimum Flow required: 8 TO 16.

14: Determination of Voids: What is VMA?

Its combination of (Air voids+ Asphalt content).

Void space between at the aggregate particles in a compacted paving bitumen mixture that include the air voids and the effective asphalt content is called VMA. VMA=100-(Gmb*Ps/Gsb)

Where Gmb=bulk specific gravity of total aggregate. Gsb=bulk specific gravity of compacted mixture. Ps=Aggregate percent by total weight of mixture.

VIM (Air Void):

Its small air space between coated aggregate.

In the total compacted mixture the small air space between the coated aggregate particles is called VIM/Air voids.

VIM=100*(Gmm-Gmb)/Gmm

Gmm=maximum specific gravity of paving mixture.

VFB (Voids filled with bitumen): Its percentage of void space and between the aggregate particles that are filed with bitumen.

VFB=100(VMA-VIM)/VMA.

15-Compaction test for bitumen layer can be done by core cutting method or by nuclear gauge.

What is difference in asphalt base course and wearing course?

Base Course: The layer of material in an asphalt roadway that is located directly under the surface layer and its bitumen content is 3.2 to 4.4 (by weight of total mix) with aggregate size max 25mm is called Base course.

Wearing Course: The layer of material in an asphalt roadway that is located directly final surface layer of asphalt. It bitumen content is 3.4 to 4.4 (by weight of total mix) and aggregate size will be max 19mm is called wearing course.

How will you have approved an asphalt mix design?

1-Complete work out of aggregate quality test, 2-Percentage of course and fine aggregate, 3-Percentage of filler and bitumen, 4-Trial in lab, 5-Trial at plant, 6-Trial at site with standard job mix formula.

Define different voids ratio for JMF and their limit?

Ans: Base course

Wearing Course

Air Voids V.I.M (void in mix) 4-7% 4-

7 %

15 %

V.M.A (voids in mineral aggregate) 14% V.F.B (voids filled with bitumen binder) 50-65%

50-70 %

Marshall Stability (N) 9800

11760

Flow mm 8-16

8-16

Bitumen content % of total mix 3.2-4.4

3.4-4.4

Mix density at design Binder content 2.53

20%

1225

Loss of marshal stability 20-25

Residuel voids in total mix @ 500 blows 3 % Stiffness minimum (N/0.25MM) : 1225

Effective specific gravity (Gse) = 2.874

Average Bulk density (Gsb) 2.860

Specific Gravity of Bitumen : 1.035

Grading test of aggregate @ 2000 ton M3

Marshall test @ 400 ton/each sample. Core test @ 500 m sq /each sample. Minimum density 2000 KG/M cubic

Ø Grading test carried out at the rate of one sample: every 200 ton produced.

Ø Marshall test carried out at the rate of one sample: every 400 ton produced.

Ø Core test carried out at the rate of one sample: every 500m sq.

Air voids VIM: If air voids are too low than required so this lead to bleeding and rutting of the asphalt.

If air void are high than max required so this lead to durability problem such as cracking and raveling.

What is the reason of segregation in asphalt?

Ans: 1. improper cold feed, 2. improper batch mix, 3-Wrong bitumen content.4- Wrong aggregate gradation

What is the stripping (slip) of asphalt pavement explain some reason of stripping

(slip).

Ans: Smooth or polished shape on asphalt top surface is called stripping.

Reason of stripping: 1-Smooth/Polished surface aggregate.2-Dusty aggregate.3- Wet aggregate.4-Rooling mixture when too cold.5-Inadequate rolling.6-Poor finisher operation.

Will we do compaction of asphalt more than 102% if not why?

Ø No Life already consumed.

Ø No allowance for future compaction.

Ø Also due to less void.

What is the thickness allowance for laying of asphalt before compaction? Ans: 20% extra thickness required with compacted thickness.

What is the function of asphalt wearing course.

Ø Providing smooth riding surface with anti skid properties.

Ø Waterproof and sloped to shed surface water to the road side.

Ø To protect the course beneath it.

Ø Resist distortion (bend) and wear caused by heavy traffic load.

What minimum percentage age of air voids should be there after 3 years of paving asphalt, will air voids increase or decrease?

Ans: Air voids are decrease and after 3 year will remain same.

What is the meaning of rutting and how can you avoid it in the asphalt design mix? Depression/cutting of road surface by vehicle wheel is called rutting and to be avoided to choose minimum bitumen content during asphalt mix design.

What are essential properties of an asphalt paving mixture? The following desirable mix properties:

1-Stability (strength), 2-Flexibility (elasticity), 3-Durability, 4-Workability, 5- Impermeability,6-Fatigue

Described briefly the method of production hot asphalt plant mix?

1. Cold aggregate storage at different cold bin.

2. Drying at hot dryer.

3. Screening over the screening unit.

4. Hot bins assembling and proportioning.

5. Pug mill mixing.

6. Hot asphalt storage.

7. Hauling to the paving site. General notes of Asphalt:

Ø The level of acid-soluble Chloride content in the Base course and Wearing course of pavement layer shall be not exceeding .8% by weight.

Ø The level of acid-soluble Sulphate (SO3) content in the Base course and

Wearing course of pavement layer shall be not exceeding .3% by weight.

Ø During bitumen and aggregate mixing shall not be heated above 150 degree C

and 163 degree C.

Ø Compaction not more than 98% to 101.8%.

Ø Re-rolling shall take within 72 hours.

Ø If compaction not achieved as required compaction limit 20% reduction in the billed amount if min compaction will achieved 95% and above,So if less than

95% than not allowed deduction then should be removed and asphalt passed otherwise remove and replaced in contractor cost.

Ø Trial area minimum shall be 30m length.

Ø Surface Tolerance of vertical level alignment: Bae course and Binder course: 6mm

Wearing course : 4mm

Ø Tolerance of thickness +5mm and – 3mm

Ø Laser road surface testing machine to be used for ride ability of wearing course.

Ø Laser road surface machine shall have an IRI (International Roughness Index)

not exceeds the 400 m inspection: 1

Ø The sampling and testing of bitumen macadam shall be carried out in accordance with the requirement of BS 598.

Ø Core dia in base course 150mm.

Ø Core dia in wearing course 100mm.

Ø Bitumen shall be grade 60/70 penetration with properties bitumen corresponding to an interpolation between Grade 50 and Grade 70 as defined in BS 3690.

Ø Asphalt temperature at plant 163 degrees centigrade

Ø Asphalt temperature behind the paver 135 to 163 degree centigrade.

Ø Asphalt breakdown temperature 120 degree centigrade to 140.

Ø Asphalt temperature at joint 90 degree centigrade.

Ø Compaction temperature 145 degree centigrade

Ø Asphalt should be laid 20 % more.

Ø PTR: Weight 20 ton to 25 ton.

Ø Tyre pressure: 80 lbs to 110 lbs.

Ø STR: Weight -12 Ton

Ø Paver machine: Screw, temping rod, hopper, Sensor meter, Slope meter, grade slope, sticks and vegetable oil for PTR tire.

Ø Paver speed: 2.5 to 3.5 m/minute.

Ø Asphalt plant wearing course production is =260Ton/hrs.

Ø SWR: Wteel Vibratory Roller.

Ø Initial compaction or breakdown rolling will be carried out by STR.

Ø STR no of pass min should be: 5 pass.

Ø PTR no of pass Min should be: 15 pass.

Ø Paver will be equipped with automatic level sensor.

Ø Bitumen material will be sample tested as per specification compliance with respect to aggregate gradation, binder content and marshal design properties.

Ø Core samples shall be taken: 3 samples pre traffic lane pre 300 linear meter per layer.

Ø Trial area should be min should be 50m*4m and additional 20m (10m for each side ) is required to provide enough space/temporary ramp for SWR/PTR to carry out and execute correct rolling pattern.

Described briefly the Distress and cause of Distress in asphalt.

Ans: Distress: Any indication of unsatisfactory performance of a pavement surface is called distress.

Cause of distress: 1-Traffic load,2-Environment or climate influence,3-Drainage deficiencies, 4-Material quality problem,5-Construction deficiencies and external

contributor,6-Such as utility cut.

Types of distress: 1-Cracks, 2-distortion,3-disintegration,4-skidding hazard and surface treatment distress.

1-Cracks: Several different types of cracks can develop in asphalt pavement. The repair depends on the type of cracks. Some cracks are load related and some are attributable to temperature or environment.

A-Fatigue crakes or alligator crakes: Series of interconnected cracks under repeated load, after repeated loading the longitudinal cracks connect forming many sided sharp angles pieces. Cause due to by load related deterioration resulting from a, 1Increase in loading and weakened base course or sub grade, 2-Too little pavement thickness,3-Over loading or a combination of these factors,5-Inadequate structure desing,

B-Block cracks: Block cracks are a serious of large, rectangular cracks on an asphalt pavement surface. Block cracking is typical cause by shrinkage of the asphalt pavement due to temperature cycle.

C-Edge cracks: Edge cracks are longitudinal cracks, which develop within 1m of the outer edge of the pavement. These cracks are formed because of a lack of support at the pavement edge.

D-Longitudinal cracks: Longitudinal cracks occur parallel to the centerline of the pavement. Caused by,1-poorly constructed joint,2-shrinkage of asphalt layer,3- segregation due to improper paver operation. These cracks are not load related. E-Transverse cracks: Transverse cracks occur roughly perpendicular to the

centerline of the pavement. Caused by shrinkage of asphalt layer or reflection from an existing cracks. These cracks are not load related.

F-Reflection cracks: Reflection cracks are cracks that form over joint are cracks in a concrete pavement or in an overlay of a deteriorated asphalt pavement. These cracks formed due to movement of old pavement.

G-Slippage cracks: Slippage cracks are crescent shaped cracked which formed because of,1-low strength of asphalt mix,2-poor bond between pavement layers. The cracks form due to force applied by turning or braking motion of vehicle.

2-Distortion (bend): Distortion in an asphalt pavement is caused by instability of an asphalt mix or weakness of the base or sub grade layer. This distress may include rutting, shoving, depression, swelling and patch failures.

A Rutting: A groove or depression form on the road surface in longitudinal shape by the vehicle wheel is called rutting.

Cause of Rutting: 1-Heavy traffic load, 2- insufficient pavement thickness, 3-lack of compaction and weak asphalt mixture.

It cause due to high bitumen content, use of more rounded aggregate, water

sensitivity.

Cause of rutting: In sufficient compaction of asphalt layer during construction, Inadequate of pavement structure, Improper mix design (high asphalt content, excessive mineral filer, insufficient amount of angular aggregate particles etc.

B-Shoving (push): Longitudinal displacement of a localized area of the pavement surface is called shoving or pushing

Cause of Shoving: 1-Breaking of vehicles, 2-Excess asphalt, 3-Too much fine aggregate, 4-Rounded aggregate, 5-Too soft asphalt or a weak granular base. Depression: Low spot in the pavement surface is called depression.

Cause of Depression: 1-Settlement,2- Poor construction technique.

Upheaval (disturbance/Swelling): Upward movement in pavement due to swelling of the sub grade is called Upheave/swelling.

Patch Failures: When pavement is patched, some distress may begin to occur .The rate at which a patch deteriorates is influence by, 1-Compaction, 2-Material selection, 3-Quality of the surrounding or underlying pavement.

3-Disintegration (breakup):The breakup in the pavement surface into small pieces is called disintegration(Breakup) .

Raveling: The wearing away of the aggregate particles from the pavement surface is called raveling.

Cause of Raveling: 1- Poor quality mixture was used

Potholes: Depression in the road surface of roughly circular shape is called pothole. Cause of Potholes: 1-Breaking of pavement surface,2-Deterioration of other type of distress,3-Segregation,4-Cracks,5-Poor mixture.

4-Skidding hazard: Skidding hazard are caused by 1-water on the surface on the pavement, 2-Polished aggregate, 3-Excess asphalt,4-Other lubricants on the pavement surface.

Polished aggregate: Some aggregate are a smooth finish or texture under traffic. These aggregate should not be used in wearing course. If the aggregate polishes the surface roughness must be restored.

Bleeding: Liquid slurry appears on the road surface is called Bleeding.

Causes: 1- Too much asphalt in mix,2-Excess tack coat,3-Traffic can also over compact an unsuitable mix and force asphalt to the surface.

5-Surface treatment distress: Surface treatment can experience their own distress. These include loss of cover aggregate and streaking(lines).

Creep: The slow plastic movement of the material in the surface layer in the direction of traffic flow is called creep.

Crazing: The breaking up of the surface layer of road through the cracking into some irregular shape is called crazing.

Mapping: Irregular shaped hair cracks appeared on the road surface is called maping.

Fretting: The loosening of a wearing surface under the action of traffic or weather is called fretting.

Abrasion (Cut): The removal of material from the road surface by grinding and rubbing action due to movement of traffic is called Abrasion.

Grouting: The filling liquid binder material into joint/crack/pipe is called grouting. Marshall: This is a one method to design the asphalt concrete mix.

JMF: It combination of bitumen and blended aggregate. Stability: Strength, firmness,

Stability: Maximum load develop during the test till failure 50.8mm/min is called

stability.

Specific: Exact detail.

Density: mass, compactness, thickness

Bulk: size, volume

Tolerance of Wearing course: 3mm. Milling machine inspection:

1-Milling machine teeth check,2-Depth or thickness to be checked.3-Asphalt grove should be checked behind milling machine.4-Behind milling cleaning to be checked.5-Sensor thickness to be checked.

6-After milling surface cleaning should be done with broom brush machine and air compressor.

What is difference in asphalt base course and wearing course? Bitumen content, Gradation, Aggregate size, Job mix formula.

What asphalt bitumen content is generally applied? How many graphs are there for

Marshall in mix design?

3.2 to 4.4 % by weight of total mix.

If Inspector called you, informed that the asphalt was cold, and had already been paved, what will you do?

Investigate and to check surface if no cracks, loose and compaction has ok after core checking then will accept and warn to contractor.

Which of the following imparts strength to asphaltic mix, Aggregate or Bitumen? Aggregate.

What is the source of Aggregates used in Dubai? Rak, Fujairah.

What is asphaltic cement?

Asphaltic cement is fluxed un-fluxed asphalt specially prepared as to quality and consistence for direct use in the manufacture of asphalt pavements.

What do you mean by grade 60/70 pen bitumen?

Grade 60/70 penetration bitumen means penetration measurement. It means needle penetrates 6mm to 7mm in bitumen sample under the fixed condition of temperature, load and time. The higher the grade bitumen is softer and lesser the grade bitumen is harder.

Why is it necessary that before laying any asphaltic material, the existing surface should be clean and dry?

Before laying any asphaltic material the existing surface should be clean and dry. Any loose material on existing surface can affect the compaction and bonding or asphaltic layer and moisture on existing surface can cause cracks in asphaltic layer. What is the meaning of asphalt stripping?

The term "stripping" is applied to hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures that exhibit separation of asphalt binder film from aggregate surfaces due primarily to the action of moisture and/or moisture vapor.

The loss of bond between aggregates and asphalt binder that typically begins at the bottom of the layer to upward. When stripping begins at the surface and progresses downward it is usually called raveling.

What are the necessary steps to be taken to prepare hot asphalt mix design?

1-Aggregate selection.

2-Asphalt binder selection.

3-Sample preparation (including compaction).

4-Stability determination using the Hveem Stabilometer.

5-Density and voids calculations.

6-Optimum asphalt binder content selection.

What are the problems come out, if the hot mix contains little asphalt content? Asphalt binder content affects HMA mixture performance in the areas of stiffness, strength, durability, fatigue life, raveling, and rutting and moisture damage.

What is the relationship between stability & asphalt content? Hot mix result in excessive voids condition

Not acceptable

Hot mix results when excess binder content?

Excess asphalt binder content tends to lubricate and push aggregate particles apart making their rearrangement under load easier.

Hot mix results when low voids & low stability?

Voids is the criteria to maintain pavement flexible and both parameters should be maintain.

Hot mix results when low Stability but air voids are satisfactory? No not satisfactory.

What are the overheated asphalt & over burnet asphalt?

Overheated asphalt: Eventually loses some of its binding qualities and becomes brittle/weak because oils within the asphalt are flashed off easily.

When Over burnet asphalt will its seen blue and flame and it’s never to be

accepted.

If you have to decide to use a mix amongst 3.8% bitumen content /or 4%, which one will you prefer and why?

Depend on the pavement layer if base course then 3.8 should be chose.

If the loss of the stability checked and found more than 25% and you have been asked by the contractor to accept it because the value of stability is very high. Will you accept it, if yes why

If the asphalt mix has 1-blue colour/Shining look, 2- Vapor/fume, 3- fire flame/Blue smoke are rising from the mix indicate an overheated mix are seen is that acceptable or not?

If asphalt mix has blue colour/shining look or vapor/fume/emanated steam then need to be investigation such its over burn or reach has maximum temperature.

If fire flame/Blue smoke are rising will never acceptable because already has burnt. Describe the function of the following, which is concerned with the asphalt paving, Mobile string line, stationery strings line?

Mobile string line is that which fixed on steel pegs. Stationary string line are fixed with paver and placed on top of Kerbstone.

Define main properties, which is concerned with the asphalt mix design?

Marshall method, select the quality of aggregate, considering, shape, surface (a) select the aggregate gradation, temperature, overall workability of mix, grade of bitumen binder and correct bitumen binder.

What is the proper thickness of lift that should be used?

Minimum lift thickness should be at least 3 times the nominal max. Aggregate size. How can you tell that a mix is properly mixed?

When all the aggregate particles are coated with asphalt. The large aggregate particles are always the last to be coated.

Should construction crews be allowed to pave in the rain?

Occasional light sprinkles should not be cause to shut down operations. However, a steady downpour, either light or heavy, should result in cessation of paving

activities.

What is the recommended air void content for compaction of asphalt pavements? Efforts should be made to control compacted air voids between 3% and 7%. At 8% or higher, interconnected voids which allow air and moisture to permanent the pavement, reducing its durability. On the other hand, if air voids fall below 3%, there

will be inadequate room for expansion of the asphalt binder in hot weather. When the void content drops to 2% or less, the mix becomes plastic and unstable.

What percentage of air void do you have?

3 to 7%.

Described asphalt pavement structure used in tie in with existing? We are considering from top layer to matching with existing.

Why we can’t lay greater thickness?

Compaction is difficult to achieve.

What is the most important factors to consider in obtaining density? Is temperature is important?

The high temperature is easy to compact but only in asphalt layers but Specific gravity is also more important of obtaining density.

What is marshal stability?

Depend on the bitumen content as which the mix is design. What is better for improved stability? Aggregate?

Aggregate and also bitumen content. In fine mix what give stability?

Stability will impact adversely in fine mix. What is the stability test?

Strength of pavement under the wheel load is called stability. Quality of being stable is called stability.

Strength of pavement under wheel load is called stability.

Stability of an asphalt pavement is its ability to resist shoving and rutting under loads.

Ability of asphalt paving mix to resist deformation from imposed load. It depends upon both internal friction and cohesion. Internal friction depend on surface texture, gradation of aggregate, particles shape, density of mix and quantity and type of asphalt.

Excessive asphalt in the mix tends to act as lubricant and lower the internal friction of the stone frame work thereby reducing the stability of thee mixture.

Stability can decrease/increased it’s depend on the bitumen content if more than stability will be decrease and its measure with flow.

Why a void is required in asphalt mix?

Asphalt is flexible pavement so to make its flexible we need voids in aggregate, if no voids asphalt will be brittle/pieces.

If you check the asphalt mix in the paver and you found its temp 173 degree c, what will you do?

That mean nobody has checked prior to dump in the paver, Temp should be check prior to dump in the paver and it’s found more than requirement temp should be rejected

What is the function of wearing course?

Its protects the underlying base course from traffic and water while also providing adequate tire friction, generating and smooth surface.

What would you do if you discover asphalt was laid that does not meet spec but

Contractor say leave it and he will not request payment?

No this is not way, we should check all test if found ok then we will accept. If not ok then reject the anyway and it will be likely cause of maintenance problems later. How would you reject the failing asphalt by letter or site instruction?

First through NCR and then issue to letter to remove or further action. What sort of roller?

STR, PTR, Baby roller, plate compactor. What do you mean by penetration grade?

Amount of penetration for a needle of set weight and size and weight at standard temperature into sample for a set of time.

What are the 5 consideration when designing an asphalt mix?

Aggregate, type of bitumen, type of filler, Air void, Density, Stability and Flow, specific gravity,

How does asphalt gets its strength?

Marshal asphalt gain most of its strength from the friction of the aggregate in the mix.

So what you consider in aggregate in asphalt? Grading, flakiness, soundness, particle shape. What is soundness?

The ability of aggregate to withstand chemical attack. What is DBM asphalt?

DBM mix developed to address problems of rutting in asphalt in hot climate. Mix derives more of its strength from interlocking of aggregate that AC.

Gradation is different with voids in mix being higher in DBM. How does asphalt mix get it strength?

Internal friction and cohesion.

Asphalt: Air voids, rutting cause, Crack on top and bottom asphalt cause, Nondestructive test of asphalt,

Marshall Curve: Stability, air voids, VMA. What you should check for steel roller?

Weight of steel roller should be checked, Vibration, reverse horn, all necessary documents, need to be third party certificate verification.

How do you start compaction?

Start from down to upside, should be maintain overlap path 30cm for each pass of wheel.

First 1 pass STR to seal asphalt temperature 2 pass.

Then with PTR to received proper compaction approximate pass=15

Final compaction to be done with STR to close staggered rolling 2 pass.

How do you know if contractor lay the subbase aggregate or base aggregate? Through physical inspection to check aggregate size, Depend upon site condition. Do you replace wearing course by binder course, if same price and stability? Wearing course is ride and smoothly than base course so wearing course is ok.

It provide a smooth surface and its can’t replace in base course because base

course are not very comfortable if will comparison with wearing course. Why voids are required in the asphalt mix?

Asphalt is a flexible pavement layer. To make its flexible we need voids in aggregate.

What are the significant properties of bitumen? Consistency determined by viscosity test or penetration. Purity solubility test.

What are the five consideration for asphalt mix design?

Stability: Internal friction dependent on surface texture of aggregate, gradation, particles shape, density of mix, bitumen content.

Cohesion internal binding force varies with ratio of loading, loading area and viscosity of mix.

Durability: Ability to resist the detrimental effects of air, water, temperature and traffic enhanced by high asphalt content, dense aggregate gradation, and well compacted impervious mixture.

Adding additional asphalt increase the stability of a mixture up to a point and then the asphalt becomes a lubricant and decrease the stability while increasing the durability.

For durable asphalt it should possess the following properties:

1-Viscosity of the bitumen at the time of mixing/laying/compaction should be adequate.

2-Bitumen material should not be highly temp .

3-In presence of water bitumen should not be strip off from the aggregate..

4-Significant of asphalt.

5-It maintain the stability under adverse weather condition.

6-Maintain sufficient flexibility thus avoid cracking of bituminous surface.

7-To maintain sufficient adhesion with the aggregate in presence of water.

Flexibility: Ability to bend slightly without breaking to conform to gradual settlements and movement of the subgrade .Enhance by high asphalt contents and open grade mixtures.

Fatigue resistance: Ability of asphalt to withstand repeated flexing caused by the passage of wheel laod.High asphalt content and dense graded mixes enhance fatigue resistance.

Skid resistance: Use aggregate coating non polishing materials with different wear or abrasion characteristics will give good skid resistance.

Permeability: Interconnection of voids reduces permeability along with increasing the durability.

Workability: Some aggregate that promote stability reduce workability List the name the major surface defects in asphalt concrete surfacing? Segregation, Dragging, Cracking, Roughness, Marking etc.

To list the name of common type of pavement failure?

Cracking, rutting, raveling, settlement, alligator cracks, flow, other etc.

What is ignition/blast method for bitumen extraction/removal, what constant factor applied for why?

It covers the determination of asphalt content of hot mix asphalt by removing the asphalt content at 540 C0 by ignition in furnace.

No use of any solvent.

Asphalt binder analysis combine a sophisticated/refine furnace and weighting system to continuously measure the weight loss of a bitumen mixture during combustion and automatically calculated its binder content at the end of the test. How to determine the optimum bitumen content?

The optimum bitumen content is taken from average form average of medium of air voids.

Types of bitumen?

1-Paving grade bitumen/Asphalt cement in American usage: It’s refine and blended to meet road engineer and industrial specification then take in to account in different climate conditions. As product its most widely used bitumen. It also considered as parent of bitumen from which the other types.

2-Cutback bitumen: Its consist basically of bitumen that has dilated in order to make it, ore fluid for application, mainly in road making. The cutback varies according to the flux/fluidity, white spirit commonly being used for RC grade, Kerosene for MC and diesel for SC’s cutback bitumen are looked upon less favorable than the more modern bitumen emulsion.

3-Emulsified Bitumen: The basic bitumen has also diluted in order to facilitate application. Hot bitumen, water and emulsified are processed in a high speed coiled mill that disperse the bitumen in the water in the form of globules that are normally in the 5-10 micrometer size range but may be even small.

It low viscosity and can be workable at ambient temp which make the ideal for use a road building.

4-Industrial Bitumen/Oxidized bitumen: it made by blowing air through hot paving grade bitumen. It also has more rubberlike properties and its viscosity as much less affected by change in temp then is the case with paving grade bitumen.

5-Modified bitumen: Are formulated with additive to improve their services performance by changing such properties as their durability, resisting to aging and plasticity. As well as natural rubber and, polymer.

What action you will take, If paved compaction is 95, while required is 98 and what is the road is opened to traffic and 95 become 100% compaction?

Will not allow traffic if the required compaction is not achieved. If deduction of payment clause in our agreement then we will go accordingly otherwise will reject. What are nondestructive tests in concrete what for use?

Nondestructive test are Rebound hammer test, Ultra sonic puls test.These test are used where concrete cubes failed in compressive strength test.

A core density indicates 105% compaction. How would you interpret it? What investigation you would carried out to check whether it still has got acceptable air

void or not.

What is difference between Sp gr and density?

What are the specified limit for marshal mix design?

What specific gravity would you use for mearing voids in asphalt? Why are voids necessary in mix design?

What would you do if you discovered a discrepancy in the grade on site and the assumed grade during design, example a five meter vertical error?

How do you check segregation during paving? If contractor says not segregate and you say segregated and what will you do?

Discuss some unusual aspects of project where you have been ARE/RE? PTR can use for breakdown?

Draw slab profile?

While visiting the asphalt plant while in production you found overflow from one of the bins, what problem it may cause? What are the probable reasons for this? Some data given regarding asphalt mix design, you are requested to:

Draw the Marshall Design curves.

Prepare trial mix specimen at different % of bitumen and compacted.

What is readability? How will you check it? Why we will do the asphalt marshal test.

What precautions are taken in mix design for weathering, transporting, placing and finishing, give complete details.

Temperature of asphalt is low and Contractor wants to pave, what will be your action?

How do you measure voids filled with bitumen?

How many number of passes required of Asphalt compaction? What is the aggregate weighting method at the asphalt plant? How will you make asphalt mix design? Explain?

Following data have been obtained from a lab, mix design based on Marshall

Method:

Spec. Limits

Maximum Density = 5.5% bitumen - Maximum Stability = 3.8% bitumen 1000 kgf Median VIM = 3.9% bitumen 4-8%

Median VFB = 4.0% bitumen 55-65% Median Flow = 4.1% bitumen 2-4% VMA = above 15% Min 14%

(a) How do you find the optimum binder for the above mix?

(b) How would you interpret maximum density at 5.5% binder whereas maximum stability at 3.8% binder?

(c) What is the difference between sp. gr. and density? What sp. gr. You suggest to be used for calculating the voids of an asphaltic mix?

Aggregate sp. gr.	=	2.80
Bitumen sp. gr.		=	1.026
Marshall Density at 4	% binde	r =	2.47

Please calculate maximum thro. sp. gr. = VIM =

VMS = VFB =

How to measure of crakes.

How can we repair the pavement defects? How will you check readability?

What are the steps for calibrating an asphalt plant?

Is the mixing temperature for 60/70 per grade and 40/50 per grade same? Please indicate approx. mixing temperature of the mix with the above two types of binder?

22-Rod marking:

What do you understand from work road marking and why it is necessity?

The thermos plastic paint is used on pavement surface as per approved drawing by traffic department is called road marking.

It’s used to divide and the road guide, control, warn or inform drivers for traffic movement.

Road marking help dividing of road surface for the traffic movement.

Ø Road marking laying speed: 3km/hr

Ø Nozzle pressure of thermoplastic material: 50/25 psi

Ø Specific gravity of material: 2

Ø Road marking mixing temperature: 220 c

Ø Average rate of application: .50kg/m sq

Ø Road marking thickness: 1.3mm

Ø Road marking tolerance is .3mm

Types of road marking:

Continuous, hatching, Stop line, intermittent line, Arrow marking.

Road marking: The material shall be consisting of the following with approximate. Components of road marking and material used:

Color aggregate 4% -White silica sand.

Balloting 20% - material shall be passed sieve no 10. Pigment 20%-Shall be titanium dioxide.

Binder 20 % -Shall not contains more than 5 % of resin. Types of road marking:

Hand marking or machine marking. Control the work at site:

Control the work.

The contractor is to set out the remarking and to be checked /approved prior to starting application.

The road surface is to be dry, free from loose, delirious and mud.

Additional glass bead shall be sprayed to the hot spray plastic line at this time by application with rate of 0.50 kg/M2.

The upper surface of the line shall be level, uniform and free form streaks.

The material shall be laid to given lines with thick 1.3 mm and plus minus 3mm or as specified.

The compound shall have flash point exceeding 230 degree centigrade.

Blasting what is meaning?

Blasting mean to remove the existing road marking with sand blasting method.

23-Road Sign Boards and accessories:

What is the type of road signboard?

Ans: 1-Regulatory signboard is used to indicate speed limit and to enforce conditions (of traffic law.

2-Warning signboard: To warn the road users of certain hazardous conditions that exists on the adjacent to the roadway.

3-Information signboard :( Directional Sign) to indicate direction of routes, place and facilities. These sign are used to guide to the road users along routes, information them of destination and distance.

What are warning signs?

Ans: Such as speed limit, reduce speed. How much type of roads signs are there.

Ans: Stop, Speed limit, Road closed ahead, Arrow direction. Location board sign, What is diversion?

Ans: The act of diverting or turning access for a purpose is called diversion. Or A

detour on a highway or road is called diversion.

What is the different between diversion and betterment?

Ans: Diversion: The act of detour during road construction is called diversion or when a road is closed and traffic is rerouted is called traffic diversion.

Betterment: The improvement of any old work is called betterment. What type of signboard will be provided for diversion?

Ans: Diversion ahead, men at work, reduce speed, arrow direction, speed limit, location sign board.

How many lanes should be provided for the diversion? Ans: As per approved diversion drawing and traffic flow. What will you check in diversion drawings?

Ans: I will check all diversion sign boards, safety barrier, safety cones, flashing light etc and diversion route have been cleared as per approved diversion drawing.

If there are three lanes need to be closed, how can the traffic are diverted?

Ans: Large flashing direction arrows boards to installed 300 lm fare from diversion start point and to be closed first lane again Second and third lane to be closed as per approved diversion drawing.

24-Stone Pitching/Rip Rap:

What is Rip Rap and explain it?

Ans: Protection of side slope of embankment is called Rip Rap. Purpose of Rip Rap:

Protect the surface from sliding. Types of Rip Rap:

1-Grouted Rip Rap: Grout material is filled the gap between the stone.

2-Loose Rip Rap: Only stone fixed and no grout material to be used.

3-Reinforced Rip Rap: Steel mesh provided and concrete is applied in the panels. Method of Rip Rap:

1-Embankment filling in layers.2-Cutting in slope as per required slope.3-Toe beam.4-Blinding application.5-Morter application.6-Stone fixing.7-Grouting.8- Painting.

25-Reinforcement:

What you know about reinforcement specification?

Ans: 1-Deformed high yield steel bars grade 460 type-2

2-Clear from dust, oil, grease, salt and other deleterious material.

3-Cutting and bending by heat is not permitted.

4-Binding wire steel dia 1.2 mm to be used.

5-Supports under rebar shall be spaced at not more than eighty times dia of the bar. Deformed bar Steel test:1- Tensile strength Mpa(yield strength, Tensile strength, Stress ration, Deviation from nominal mass, Elongation at maximumfore,Rib measurement), 2-Bend and re-bend,3- chemical analysis test of (Carbon,sulphalte,phosphorus,Nitrogen,Manganese Chronium,Aluminium,Copper,Silicon,Carbon equivalent),4-Weight KG/effect cross section area, 5-Elongation %, 6-Gauge length.

What is difference between Pre-tension and post tension and brief it? Ans: Pre-tensioning is performed before concrete.

Post tensioning is performed after concrete. Types of stressing:

1-Tensile stress, 2-Compressive stress, 3-Shear stress.

Reinforcement inspection at site: Size, quantity, spacing, bend, concrete cover spacers, tie wire, final level of steel reinforcement bars.

Reinforcing steel:

Only fusion bond epoxy coated steel will be accepted.

Shall be high bond, high tension and deformed bars and shall have: min yield point

4200 kg/cm2.

Min ultimate tensile strength 6300 KG/ cm2

Diameter and weight is be tested when receiving on site. (Checked for dia of bars and KG/M)

Min test procurement for each 100 tons are:

1-Tensile strength,2-Yield strength, 3-bend test,4-re-bend test,5- deviation from

cross section, 6-bond test,7- thickness and continuity of coating and adhesion of coating.

26-Bridges/Piling:

How many types of piling and explain it? Ans: 1-Friction piles, 2-End bearing piles. Important inspection point of piling work:

1A-sample to be taken 1-Pile location,2-Pile type,3-Pile diameter,4-Groundwater level from direct observation or through given site investigation data.5-Date and time of boring,6-Date of concreting,6-Depth level,7-Toe level,8-Pile head level as constructed,9-Pile cut off level,10-Length of temporary casing,11-Length of permanent casing,12-Soil,13-Length and detail of reinforcement cage,14-Concrete mix,15-All information regarding obstruction delay and other interruption to the sequence of work.

Boring for pile: Prior to boring to be check where the open bore is unsuitable, then temporary casing or bentonite suspension may be used to support the wall of the bore prior to concreting.

Method statement of piling: 1-Start bore with Rig machine down side bit for excavation with the support of Bentonite/Polymer.

2-Installation of temporary casing.

3-Required depth to be measured.

4-Installation of steel cage.

5-Start concrete pouring & should not stop until fresh concrete come out.

6-After concrete removed trimmy pipe

7-After remove casing as soon as possible.

8-Cutting of piles heads up to cut off level.

Note: Toe level +cut off level cage reinforcement detail (as per approved shop drawing).

Top level of casing should be taken/know.

Polymer/Bentonite material should be always 01-meter height from water table level. Explain about Pile Test?

Ans: 1-Pile load test, 2-Integrity test., 3-Sonic test.

1-Pile Load test: Following two methods are available for pile load test.

1-Static load test - a) by kenlidge test, b) By Anchor test.

2-Dynamic test.

Note: In pile load test settlement should not be more than 6mm.

2-Integrity test: To check physical dimensions continuity cracks, buldging and consistency of material is called integrity test.

Failure of pile: A pile shall be considered to have failed when any of the following

condition will apply.

1-On completion of load test the residual settlement after rebound exceed 6mm.

2-The test load as specified in the contract shall not have been achieved.

3-The maximum settlement exceed 1% of the least lateral dimension of the pile under ultimate load.

Protection of piling from chemical attack: All piles shall have protective sleeve for a minimum depth of 3 m below the cut-off level of the pile. This sleeve shall be plastic or metal bedded in mastic to form a fully water proofed seal to the concrete. Grouting: 1-Grout mix with cemet, water and admixture.

2-Tendon will be grout within a weak but not before 8 to 12 Hrs. Grouting property:

1. Fluidity bleeding in the plastic condition.

2. Volume change when hardening.

3. Strength change when hardened.

4. Grout temperature should not exceed 32 C at inlet and outlet.

5. Grout will be start from lower side to higher side.

6. Ambient/Air temperature should not exceed 35C.

7. Grout material slump should be 600 to 800 mm. Test for Grout:

1. Bleeding test.2-Fluidity test.3-Volume change test.4-Compressive strength test by prism.5-Slump test.

3 Types of stressing, what are they?

Pre-stressing, Post tension and combination of both. Where is max shear?

At support. Where at end?

Abutment, piers at bearing.

How would you advise your inspector to check bridges deck before casting? How do you decide if steel reinforcement has too rust to accept?

Color, flakes/chips and rust covered all side. If little then ok if more need sand blasting to clear.

What is the ultrasonic test for?

It is for checking the piles are integrally casted and is not discontinuous different in cross section.

To know the concrete defect/flow underground surface. Ultrasonic test, Sonic echo test, Pile integrity test. Explain advantage of prestress concrete?

What are the main elements of prestressed?

What is epoxy seal coat, specification and how to apply? Types of expansion joint in bridges.

27-General combine Definition

What is the role of a civil engineer?

Ans: A Civil Engineer of involves the planning, Execution, monitoring, Controlling and closing a project from start to end as per project program.

Addendum: A revision to the contract made available after Advertisement for bids and before the opening of Tender Documents.

Amendment: A written agreement between the Owner and the Contractor covering work not otherwise provided for in the contract (for example, extensions or reductions of contract time, or change of scope). An amendment becomes a part of the contract when it is signed by the Contractor and the Owner.

Award: The assignment of a scope of services from the Owner to either a

Consultant or Contractor.

Carrier: Pipe directly enclosing a transmitted fluid (liquid, gas, or slurry). Also, an electric or communication cable wire or line.

Conduit: A pipe used for receiving and protecting smaller pipes, pipes, tubes, wires, or cable.

Contract Amendment: An increase or decrease in the contract scope, price, or time made by variation order or change order.

Contract Bonds (Performance Bond and Payment Bond): The approved forms of security furnished by the Contractor and the Contractor’s surety or sureties, guaranteeing the full and complete performance of the contract and all supplemental agreements thereto, as well as the payment of all legal debts pertaining to the construction of the project.

Controlling Item: A work activity in which any delay that limits completion of that activity will result in a delay in the completion of the contract.

Daily Works Schedule: Prices or rate of payment of work executed in one day based on the cost of labor, material, and plant used in performing the work plus the percentages for overheads, profit, etc., in accordance with contract provisions. Engineer: The contractually identified representative of the Owner; can be either a Project Manager or the Construction Supervision Consultant.

Independent Approved Laboratory: An independent testing laboratory that has no direct or indirect relationship with the Contract party and that is approved for use by the terms of the contract.

Over: Depth to top of pipe, conduit, casing, cable, or similar line below the earth or roadway surface.

NTP: Notice to proceed

CSC: Construction Supervision Consultants.

If contractor fails to submit back up record within prescribed time, will you accept it for the EOT or money.

What is priority of contract document?

1-Condition of contract, 2-Contract drawing, 3-Specification, 4-BOQ. Is general specification mentioned in the priority of documents?

Yes but it’s not 1st priority of contract.

What is difference in sub base and road-base

CBR, Gradation, Required compaction, Aggregate size. Will you approve the program with 5 critical activities?

Can approve base of project size but we should try to minimize the critical activities prior to approve program.

Is it possible to make fill with dune sand and make embankment?

Filling with dune sand at confine space very good and in embankment filling should be avoided because in dune sand there is not PI.

What is Bar Chart and how do you check it?

Bar chart is an approved baseline program and used to schedule maintain.

On daily, weekly and monthly basis to be compared with site actual completed work.

If RE does not follow your report about Contractor’s work not according to the

specifications, what will you do?

1st I will convince to RE that it’s harmful and not as per specification if still not agree I will bring to attention my senior management if still they also agree So I will inform to client about clear pictures.

What an ARE will do after setting out and cross-section was taken. Is ARE

responsible for that?

Should be checked existing feature/condition/obstruction and try to monitor himself during cross section jointly taken.

What is traffic management?

Ans: Traffic management is the method of control for roadwork that is the measures to improve road safety for all its users and ease congestion or control the use of the cars.

CESMM3: Civil Engineering Standard Method of Measurement-3

What is claim?

A statement that something is true is called claim. What is priority of contract document?

1. The Contract Details.

2. These terms and conditions.

3. Documents incorporated (including) by reference in these terms and conditions.

4. The remaining appendixes to these terms and conditions.

5. Prioritization of Contract Details and Attachments.

Pre-contractual Documentation which post-dates the tender:

1. The Contractor's tender.

2. The Customer's request for tender.

3. The Contractor's expression of interest.

4. The Customer's request for expressions of interest.

Is general specification mentioned in the priority of documents?

Ans: No The Specification is a techno-legal document containing full scientific details of the project.

What is the critical path and what is the total float, free float?

The sequence of activities that represent the longest path through a project, which determine the shortest possible duration.

The longest path is called CPM.

Critical activity: An activity which have zero float/slack. Float/slack: Extra time available.

Total Float: It’s a schedule flexibility available for an activity without

impacting/delaying the dead line. Free Float:

Positive float: Positive float is produced when the backward pass is calculated from a schedule constraint that is advanced than the early finish dates is violated by duration and logic.

Negative float: It’s caused when a constraint on the late date is violated by duration and logic.

Critical Chain method: A schedule method that allows the project team to place buffers on any project schedule path to account for limited resources and project uncertainties.

What do you mean by critical path method?

Critical path method: A method used to estimate the minimum project duration and determine the

Amount of scheduling flexibility on the logical network paths within the schedule model.

What is CPM, draw a CPM curve?

Ans: CPM is step by step technique for process of planning and managing a construction project. Or

The sequence of activities for which determine the total time for the project is called

CPM

CPM provides the following benefits.

Ø Provide a graphical view of the project.

Ø Predict the time required to complete the project.

Ø Shows which activities are critical and which are not to maintaining the schedule.

Steps in CPM project planning:

Ø 1-Specify (state) the individual activities.

Ø 2-Determine the sequence of these activities.

Ø 3-Draw a network diagram.

Ø 4-Estimate the completion time of each activity.

Ø 5-Identify the critical path.

Ø 6-Update the CPM diagram as per project program.

Ø 7-Enter the completion time for every activity. What are mean are critical activities?

Ans: Activities without float time to which specific attention in monitoring must be given.

What is cash flow curve diagram?

Ans: A cash flow diagram is a tool used by accountants and engineers to represent the transactions which will take place over the course of a given project.

How will you judge the delay in the progress of work? Ans: To check sequence of work schedule.

What is changes orders and variation order?

Ans: Change Order - A more large change where the nature of the original design is changed is called Change order.

Variation Order –Addition work instruction and Very mineral change normally only additives/deductive in quantity but original design is retained same is called variation order.

If contractor is delaying the progress of works, what measures you will take?

Ans: We will issue notice to the contractor through letter and will inform to Client.

If the project is not completed in time and time already expired, what steps will you take?

Ans: We will issue penalty to contractor as per contract. What is Project management?

Ans: Project management: Project management is the process of planning, execution, controlling resources to achieve specific goal from start to completion of a project.

Stage of project management: 1-Initiation.2-Planning.3-Execution.4-Monitoring $

Controlling.5-Closing.

What is Fidic?

Ans: The international federation of consulting engineering is an international standards organization for the construction industry is called Fidic.

What is Program of work?

Ans: Program of work: A Program of work is a schedule that is a basic timeline of how work will be complete.

This schedule shows the work start and completion date and handing over of the finished works with all the various procedures and work.

Explain about Volume 1 to 4?

Ans: Volume-1: Tender and Contract term and condition. Volume-2: Particle specification.

Volume-3: Bill of Quantities. Volume-4: Contract drawing.

Write down firefighting equipment name and extinguisher and type of fire. Ans: Type of Fire Fighting Equipment:

1-Blanket, 2-Water, 3-Foam, 4-Co2, 5-Powder

Type of Fire:

A: Ordinary combustible.

B-Flammable liquid/Gasses

C-Electric equipment. D-Combustible metal. K-Cooking oil or fat.

Type of fire fighting Extinguisher:

1-Water-ClassA, 2-Foam-Class-A$B, 3-DCP-ClassA, B, C, D, 4-Co2-ClassB, C. What is the duty of Site Engineer in Contractor Company?

1. Planning and Programming of full project.

2. Calculate and order of project material, manpower and equipment.

3. Execution and Controlling of full project from start up to completion time.

4. Maintain Safety and Quality control.

5. Follow up and Submission material for approval, RFA,RFI,Work notification,CVI, Shop drawing, As-built drawing to consultants

6. Site visit with Consultant, Client and service Authority representative.

7. Supervision with project site staff and check that all of them are working according to program and approved drawings.

8. Deal with all service authority for taking construction NOC and final handing over of project.

9. Attend Weakly and monthly progress meeting.

10. Prepare daily construction target program for site staff.

11. Follow up with subcontractor and supplier.

12. Follow up with storekeeper and purchasing department for material delivery.

13. Having ability to complete the project as per schedule and budget with quality and good production.

What is Schedule of rates/New rate? Ans:A schedule/New

rate of various important item are prepare taking into consideration cost of material,labour,equipment and task work per day for various traders and contractor profile.

The schedule of rate is very important and useful in scrutinizing of the tender documents and for deciding the rate of variation works or these are used in re- measured contracts if Bill of Quantities were not prepared at the time of tender. What is Tender document?

Ans: 1-Tender invitation letter (Public announcement of the tender), 2-The agreement, 3-The condition of the contract (general, particular or special condition of contract) 4-Specification (General and particular technical specification,

5-Bill of Quantities with schedule of rates, 6-Drawing (Working drawing for civil, electromechanical or plumbing drawing. 7-Appendix (addition) or PS if any issued at the time of tender.

What is type of contract?

Ans: 1- Lump sum Contract: In this contract complete work is carried by the contractor as per the tender/contract document for a fixed amount of money to the satisfaction of the consultants and the owner.

2-Re-measured Interim Rate Contract: In this contract the contractor quotes his rate each of the items of work mentioned in the tender documents.

3-TUPN-Key Project (Job): In these types of contract the contractor provides complete project including design and construction till handing of the keys to the owner.

4-Cost plus to contract: In this case of provisional sum similarly. What are responsibilities duties as Assistant Resident Engineer? Ans:

The following specific duties are for ARE:

Ø 1-The ARE is responsible to perform all administrative and operation functions of the project.

Ø 2-In the absence of the RE, ARE will assume his duties.

Ø 3-Daily site supervision to ensure that the work is ongoing as per approved shop drawing, Method statement, specification, Quality management plan, Safety management plan and consult with Engineer and contractor’s supervision staff.

Ø 4-Inspect safety condition at site and inform to contractor regard safety violations and follow up action to be taken.

Ø 5-Issue CAD and NRC about non-conformance activity.

Ø 6-Monitoring progress of the work against the approved baseline program.

Ø 7-Keep RE informed of work progress and problems.

Ø 8-Review and approve the contractor’s inspection request, Shop drawing,

Method statement, Proposed material.

Ø 9-Review and response of RFI and work notification.

Ø 10-Provide general oversight to inspector about site activities and to guidance on site supervision.

Ø 11-Review inspector’s daily report.

Ø 12-Prepare Engineer’s daily dairy.

Ø 13-Monitoring the performance of the survey party.

Ø 14-Verify measurements of work taken by Inspectors and Land surveyors.

Ø 15-Attend Weekly and monthly progress meeting.

Ø 16-Preparation minutes of meeting.

Ø 17-Draft letters for RE on contractual and procedure matters.

Ø 18-Keep complete and accurate records of the work and quantities completed.

Ø 19-Review as-built drawing in coordination with inspectors and surveyors.

Ø 20-Coordinate with Authorities during execution and for final handing over. What are the job purpose, general duties, responsibilities and Authority of RE?

Ø Ans: Job Purpose: To act as the Engineers Representative on site and to control the day to day supervision of the contract.

Ø General Duties $ Responsibilities:

Ø 1-Responsible for the construction of the work on the site and to control the day to day supervision on the contract.

Ø 2-Ensure that quality of materials and workmanship complies with the specification and drawing through proper supervision of the work.

Ø 3-Responsible for administering the contract equitably.

Ø 4-Established effective communication with the Client, Contractor, Project

Manager, service authority etc.

Ø 5-Responsible for proper staff management.

Ø 6-Monitoring progress of the works against the approved programmed.

Ø 7-Preparation of various reports required by the engineer and Client.

Ø 8-Ensure the Contractor’s compliance with the contract documents.

Ø 9-Inspect all workmanship and material.

Ø 10-Coordinate the supply of vertical and horizontal controls for the contractors.

Ø 11-Conduct layout checks on lines and grades.

Ø 12-Coordinate with other Contractors.

Ø 13-Review and approve contractor shop drawing and other submittals.

Ø 14-Review and approve the contractor’s baseline, monthly and time impact schedules.

Ø 15-Review and provide response to the contractor request for information RFI and locate, execute and interpret all soils and materials testing according to the provision in the contract documents and standard specifications.

Ø 16-Do not relieve the contractor of its responsibilities without owner

‘authorizations.

Ø 17-Review final material submittals and forward them to the owner with recommendations for final approval.

Ø 18-Check and certify progress payments to the contractors.

Ø 19-Check personnel, equipment’s and material cost for all variation order and

change orders.

Ø 20-Review requests for additional compensations and time extensions.

Ø 21-Prepare change order for all additional work and new works.

Ø 22-Prepare the monthly progress report.

Ø 23-Conduct site safety monitoring: including the monitoring activities, meeting, review, safety violations, rectification measures and accident reports in the monthly progress reports.

Ø 24-When necessary, determine proper cost of additional or credit due to the

Owner and recommend appropriate action.

Ø 25-Inspect safety condition and inform the contractor of construction safety violations and follow up action to be taken.

Ø 26-Attend all meeting and prepare written minutes for distribution.

Ø 27-Review correspondence and prepare response for signature.

Ø 28-Review, update, monitor, and report on the contractor’s work schedule, CPM

chart, and chart flow status.

Ø 29-Monitor and report on progress of schedule utility relocation works.

Ø 30-Provied all photographs before, during, and after construction necessary to provide.

Ø 31-Review and approve the contractor’s plans for protection of existing buildings and structures.

Ø 32-Review all construction activities regarding compliance with local traffics ordinance and public convenience.

Ø 33-Received and review complaints and claim of damage, and expedite the contractor’s investigation into to these complaints and damage claims.

Ø 34-Approve all restoration or final cleanup work.

Ø 35-Review and make up recommendations on contractor’s claims.

Ø 36-Coordinate with the contractors, departments and agencies.

Ø 37-Provide a punch list and final inspection report.

Ø 38-Check and approve as-built drawing submitted by the contractor and maintain a status log.

Ø 39-Check and approve the final quantities submitted by the contractors.

Ø Check and approve the final payment certificates submitted by the contractor.

Ø Authority:

Ø Certain duties and powers of the Engineer as defined in the contract will be delegate to the RE .He will:

Ø A-Deal with day to day matters relating to implementation of the condition of

Contract and Specification.

Ø b-Interpret anomalies in and/or omission from the documents and instruct staff accordingly.

Ø c-Ensure that all instruction/amendments issued to the Contractor are confirmed and documented contractually.

Schedule of Rates: A schedule of rates of various imps. Items are prepared taking into consideration cost of materials, Labour, equipment and task works per day for various traders and contractors profit.

What is the difference between betterment works and improvement works?

Ans: Betterment: Additional work from concern authority is called betterment work. Improvement work: To make better of existing work such as relocation/protection of existing network is called improvement work.

What is the action if unknown service is encountered?

Ans: To take full detail through trial pits submit to concern authority to get solution for relocation/protection/abandoned.

What is the difference between the new rates and variation orders?

Ans: New rates: The process of creating rates to considering resources, material and profit rate which not available in BOQ is called new rates.

Variation order: Additional work instruction is called variation order. What is the most important points while dealing with the authorities? Ans: To provide full detail of our concern matter.

Wait for authority decision. To accept authority decision if it’s under accepted limit

as per contract.

What is statement of work?

Ans: Information included in a SOW can include specification, quantity desired, quality level, performance data, period of performance, work location, and other requirement.

What does daily report contains?

Ans: Any activity at site is going on should be report related safety, quality, progress on daily basis.

What is Site Instruction?

Ans: Any instruction issued to contractor related Quality, Safety etc is called site instruction.

What will be your action if you find your Inspector favoring Contractor by approving substandard works?

Ans: First re-verify to confirm its turue,issue warning notice to avoid in future, Watch him again, if repeated then inform to RE to remove him from site.

What will you do in case if Contractor does a substandard work and insists to continue it in spite of your verbal instruction to stop doing so?

Ans: Issued NCR and report to RE.

What is the difference between Nominated subcontractor and normal subcontractor?

Ans: Nominated subcontractor are nominated by client and Normal subcontractor is that who hire by main contractor.

How can you compensate the nominated subcontractor to main contractor? Ans: Only can compensate through main contractor.

Short term definition?

Government Agency in Abu Dhabi:

ADWEA:Abu Dhabi Water & Electricity Authority. ADSSC:Abu Dhabi Sewerage Service Company. ADM:Department of Municipality and Agriculture. ETC:Etisalat/Telecom/Emirate Telecommunication. ADDC:Abu Dhabi Distribution Company.

Transco:Abu Dhabi Transmission & Dispatch Company. GHQ Armed forced.

Civil Defence.

AASHTO: American Association of State Highway and transportation Official. AISC: American Institute of steel construction.

ANSI: American National Standard Institute. ASCE: American Society of Civil Engineering. ASTM: American Society for Testing and Material.

CESMM4: Civil Engineering Standard method of Measurement 4th edition. ETC: Emirate Telecommunication Corporation.

Milling machine width: 1m to 2.5 m

DMRL: Dubai Municipality Road Lighting.

PQ: Provisional Quantity. Density of material: Asphalt: 2.5

Road base: 2.55

Black sand: 1.784

C/S=Single carriageway

What is the tender bond, performance bond?

Tender bond:To pay money of ten percent of tender price to your client for security is called tender bond.

Performance bond: A written guaranty from a third party guarantor (usually a bank or an insurance company) submitted to a principal (client or customer) is called performance bond.

What is bar chart?

Ans: To create a combination chart in Excel to show how large each value is in the

Charts group is called bar chart. What is interim payment?

Ans: A payment which one received in advance (as part of the full amount paid) is called interim payment.

Temporary basis not exact amount is called interim payment. What is the maximum period for the contractor to ask for claim?

Ans: If the Contractor fails to give notice of a claim within such period of 28 days, the

Time for Such further particulars “as the Engineer may reasonably require. Duration: The estimated or actual time to complete an activity is called duration. Float: Difference between the time required and the time available to complete an activity is called float.

Gantt chart: It is a graphical method to required showing a project schedule, which shows project time, dates and all activities resources is called Gantt chart. Tracking: The process of tacking progress information & gathered in a control system and inserting this in to the original plan to show the actual status is called Tracking.

What are the major categories of the productive resources of a project?

Ans: 1-The site.2-Information.3-Manpower.4-Plant (Machine).5-Material.6-Sub- contractors. 7-Third parties.

41-Define the Civil Engineering procedure and its phases.

Ans:It describe the roles of Employer, Engineer and Contractor and the activities covered by each of them in any civil construction project.

It involves three phases:

1-Preliminary phase (Investigation and complete the design report).

2-Middle phase (Contract management), it include tendering $award stage, Pre- construction stage and construction stage.

3-Fina Phase (Use), takes over, operate and maintain the work. Planning and control?

Ans: Planning mean: Deciding what you want to achieve and how you propose to achieve .It obviously includes the selection of methods and sequence.

Controlling mean: Comparing work as per project specification and drawing. How to monitor the progress of work?

Ans: 1-Regularly monitoring the Contractors progress against programmed 2- Arranging progress meeting with the Contractor. All significant matters discussed at any meetings should be confirmed to the Contractor in writing.

3-Compiling a monthly progress report recording physical progress, performance and financial detail.

4-Submitting reports of financial and contractual progress.

5-Ensuring progress photographs are taken and As-built drawing is kept up to date. What is mean by Quality Control described briefly?

Ans: To check/monitor the work quality to confirm to:

1-As per approved method statement.

2-As per approved specification.

3-As per approved drawings. Explain the type of insurance? Ans: 1-Insurance of the works.

2-Third party Liability Insurance.

3-Workmen, s Compensation Insurance.

What are the design controls and criteria for Highway?

Ans: 1-The functional classification of the highway being designed.

2-Traffic volume and composition.

3-Design speed.

4-Topography-Soil geology and Meteorology.

5-Cost and available fund.

6-The design vehicle (that will use the facility).

7-Safety-Environmental –Social consideration.

8-Effect on land and property.

What are the major traffic elements that influence Highway Design? Ans: 1-Average Daily Traffic (ADT).

2-Design Hour Volume (DHV).

3-Directional Distribution (D).

4-Composition of Traffic (Percentage of trucks)(T).

5-Design speed (v).

Define the design speed V for a vehicle?

Ans: The maximum safe speed that can be maintained over a specified section of highway when condition is so favorable.

Define the type of highway?

Ans: 1-Freeway, 2-Expressway,3-Arterior (trunk),4-Collector,5-Local. What are the arrangements for merging and diverging traffic?

Ans: The Acceleration lanes for merging (entering) traffic are called merging. B-Deceleration lanes for diverging (leaving) traffic is called diverging.

EOT: Extension of time. Scope of Works:

Scope of works is to define the contractor’s obligations and duties in the project

assigned to him.

To define scope of works following documents are included in the contract.

1. The contract agreement signed by the contractor and the owner which also includes the following.

2. The conditions of contract (general, particular and special conditions of contract).

3. Specifications (general and particular technical specifications.

4. Bills of quantities with schedule of rates and some of the items like PS provisions sums.

5. Drawings. What is newton?

Ø Ans: A newton is the amount of force required to accelerate a mass of one kilogram at a rate of one meter per second squared.

Ø DGN: It used for for Bentley Micro station supporting format and Cad file.

Ø DWG: It is Cad program file name and Auto Cad drawing database file. RTA Typical Service reservation cross section for 91.50m corridor width:

Shown for Road LHS side from boundary wall to: Dewa LV=.6m, Dewa WD=1.2m, Sewerage HC=2.00m, ETIC-Du/ITS=2.5m, Etisalat=4.25m, Dewa HV=7.25m, Sewerage main=11.0m,

Irrigation main=14.5m, Transmission Dewa WD=18.0m, Drainage=21.5m. From RHS: Dewa LV=.6m, Dewa WD=1.2m, Sewerage HC=1.30m, ETIC- Du/ITS=2.5m, Etisalat=4.25m, Dewa HV=7.25m, Sewerage main=11.0m, Irrigation main=14.5m, Transmission Dewa WD=18.0m, Drainage=21.5m.

RTA interview questions:

1-Introduce yourself? General questions:

My name is Azhar Iqbal, I belong to Pakistan

I have total14 years’ work experience (12 years UAE and 2 years Pakistan) in construction of Roads, Infrastructure and Bridges works such as Sewerage network, Micro tunneling for Sewer network, Construction of Sewerage Pump station, Strom Water Drainage network, Potable Water network, Electrical Cabling network, Construction of Electrical Substation, Road lighting network, Irrigation network and pump station, Telecom Etisalat/Du network, Future/Spare ducts work and all kinds of Utilities diversion.

2-Describe the last project you have been working in?

I am working as ARE post, my last project was construction of road and infrastructure work at Al Barsha 3rd at Dubai under Meraas client and HLG contracting.

3-What was your duties in your last project?

Site supervision min two time a day to check safety, Quality and to ensure that work progress is going as per approved baseline program, Review and approve Shop

drg, Method statement, As-built drg, Weekly and monthly work progress report, Attend weekly progress meeting and preparation minutes of meeting, Issue CAD/NCR for noncompliance work, Draft letter for Rearview Inspector daily report and prepared daily Engineer dairy.

Technical questions:

1- If you will lay 500m of 132 KV under the road , what you will use for protection , trough or duct bank ?describe ? Why? How you will protect an existing 132 Kv cable?

Trough and duct bank both to be required for 132KV Cables and addition protection slab will installed on the top of trough.

2-what is the depression?

A rut or groove worn into a road/path by the travel of wheels is called depression.

3-what is the action to be taken if existing service getting damaged?

1-Immediately should inform to the concern authority for further action.2-We have to take all precaution to protect damage and safety procedure.

4-What are the cases that the relevant authority will pay for services diversion?

If work will be betterment or additional instructed from concern authority then will pay.

5-What should be considered before the shutdown request for Dewa electrical HV

cables? and what is the criticality in the shutdown?

6-What are the types of cables?

6.6,11,33,132,400 kV

7-Are you aware about the load analysis for the electrical cables?

8-What is the safety precaution during the deep excavation and road pavement? We will decide depend upon soil classification and site condition and generally should be follow Sheet pile in soft sandy area, Steps in hard area, Side slope, hard barrier, Rail protection around the deep excavation

Road pavement area: Safety maintain around the excavated trenches, construction area should be barricaded, Machinery to be inspected, Reverse horn of all construction machinery to be mandatory, Flashing and revolving light to be provided etc.

9-What should be reviewed in the waterline shop drawings before forwarding to

Dewa for approval?

Pipe line should be in his corridor, enough cover FROM FRL, Line and level, pipe material, Profile should be gradually, on road crossing area steel sleeve to be provided, Try to avoid washout and air valve.

10-What is the details you will ask the contractor to show if you required cross- sections?

Existing ground level and proposed level need to be mention,

If trenches cross section then full detail of trenches, if cross section is road then road pavement, Kerbstone, Footpath to be mentioned.

11-What are the types of pipe jointing? And what are the lengths of the pipes?

Pipe length are varies normally is 6m,5m,10m are used.Naormally are used coupler joint and male and female join for upvc pipe and Self lamination and Flange adaptor joint for GRP,GRE pipe, For HDPE pipe Used Electrofusion welding $Flange joint is used.

14-what is the problems faced for the coupling joints? How to avoid it as a consultant?

If inside the socket rubber will damage/replace in his position so leakage chance will increase.

15-Can we replace the wearing course with base course?

No if will replace if will replace then surface will not remain very smooth as of wearing course.

How will you check the contractor’s progress of work, behind the schedule/on the

schedule?

To compare with approved baseline program, Weekly and Biweekly program, Two week look ahead program.

How will you follow him? What will be your action if contractor is already late and project time is over?

During the execution when we will note that contractor are delaying the projects, so we should issue the letters on regular basis to warn/inform contractor and inform to control the delay work and should inform to client about delay reason ,To raise the issue in weekly meeting.

Normally contractor will try and explore this delay due to Eng/Client reason so care should be taken and continuous monitoring and communication to be maintain in writing.

If contractor have delay due to poor resources and management which was under his control then will imply penalty as per delay damages clause.

What is soil wall?

MSE/Mechanically stabilized earth is soil constructed with artificial reinforcing. It

can be used for retaining walls, bridge abutments, seawalls, and dikes/ditches.MSE

was developed in its current form in the 1960s.

Strips are use and placed inside the embankment filling to support the MSE wall panel.

If water table is high how road will be constructed?

First of all water table level to be checked to ensure its effect our road pavement if yes then construct the ditches on road sides to decrease to water table on the road pavement surface area and then geotextile and boulder filling to be done as per designer cross section or decision.

If proposed road surface is gypsum ground then how road to be constructed? Cut up to required road pavement level if still gypsum so additional cutting to be done and to be filled with boulder material to use geotextile as per designer requirement.

What are the main components of the clause: 14.1 programs? Now a day program are using 8.3 program it follow as per FIDIC.

How many critical activities can be in clause- 14 program? Ans:

What is notice of intent?

Notice of intent is a letter that client are issue to contractor to confirm about project award.

How will you follow up?

Arrange kickoff meeting, PMP, QMP, SMP and all necessary documents to start the project.

NTP: This letter also client are issue to contractor to start the work and to confirm the project and from that day start date are account.

How will you revise the service reservation area?

1-If we have area and existing service are not available then no need to revise the cross section and to be followed as per standard reservation cross section.

2-If existing utilities are there then to be change as per new and existing service reservation corridor to considered base of standard RTA utility services reservation corridor.

What do you mean by a day work? Give us example, what are the documents needed for it?

Day work is a means by which a contractor is paid for specifically instructed work on the basis of the cost of Labour, materials and plant plus a markup for overheads

and profit. It is generally used when work cannot be priced in the normal way. Examples of when day work may be applied are when unforeseen obstructions are

encountered during ground works or when work is instructed for which there are no comparative rates in a bill of quantities.

It is usual for most contracts to contain clauses that provide a method of evaluating variations, additional work and instructions by using existing contract rates and prices.

Construction activity which are required for construction but rate are not available in the BOQ

What are the types of pervious rocks?

Rocks can be hard, soft, permeable or impermeable, depending on what type of rock it is. Slate, marble, chalk and granite all have different uses. Different plants grow better in different types of soil.

1 Igneous

2 Sedimentary

3 Metamorphic

4 Specific varieties of rocks

How can you build up a new rate and how you will process for approval of unit rate for an item not available in the B.O.Q?

To create new rate first steps to be taken:1- Compare with market rate, 2-to be follow any related BOQ reference, 3-through day work considered breakdown of Men,4- Material and machinery and profit rate.

What are the main sections should be included in preparing the monthly report? Cover page, Summary program, Critical path,3 Month look ahead program, Physical progress curve, Resources histogram, Key performance index, Procurement status, Long lead items, Cash flow, Shop drawing status, Material log,Noc page,RFI Register,NCR Log, Risk register,HSE status, Project summary, HSE status, Project staging plan.

Weekly Project progress: Two week look ahead program, Project time status, Physical progress, and Physical weightage curve.

Progress layout,

Resources: Manpower Histogram, Manpower status, Equipment Histogram, Equipment status.

Commercial: Payment status

KPI Key performance index.

Engineering status: RFI, Shop drawing, Material submittal, Method statement, NCR, CAD, RFA, Long lead items, Critical issues, Progress photographs.

How does a monthly interim payment certificate is prepared and checked. Describe the steps involved?

Progress of work need to be verified, all backup, supporting documents, joint measurement sheet

Should be review and verified.

What is the mean component of clause 14 programs, when the contractor has to submit, and how you will check it?

Start and completion date, Key milestone that has to be there, Critical activities, We have to ensure that all scope has cover in this program, Order/Sequence of all activities to be reviewed, Deep activity should be consider first, Should be

resources loaded in this program, Cash flow should be review and to be considered, Preliminary program should be submitted within 14 days of NTP. What is the maximum period for the contractor to ask for claim?

Within 28 days.

What are the difference between penalty and the liquidity damages? Moreover, what are the maximum amounts for both to be done?

Liquidity damages: The genuine estimate of the loss to be suffered by the party in the event of a non-performance of contract.

Whether penalty clause or not is determined as of the time the contract was formed. Explain terms, Specific gravity, Elongation, Dry density?

Specific Gravity (SG): Specific gravity is a dimensionless unit defined as the ratio of the density of a substance/material to the density of water is called specific gravity. Elongation: The action or process of lengthening something is called elongation. Elongation is defined as the length at breaking point expressed as a percentage of its original length (i.e. length at rest) e.g. if a rubber reaches twice its length before breaking its elongation is 100%.

What is NDRC and Write method statement?

Ans: NDRC mean Non Disturbance Road Crossing. Type of boring: 1-Thrust boring, 2-Drilling.

Method statement of NDRC:

1-NOC for trial trenches.

2-Trial trenches.

3-NDRC profile preparation including shown all existing services detail.

4-Drilling NOC application and tacking.

5-Excavation of entrance pit and exit pit size: 1.5*1.5.

6-Fixing of drilling machine.

7-Checking of all existing services with the allocator.

8-Start and complete drilling.

9-Use bentonite for drilling hole area to prevent settlement.

10-Pull 150 mm dia upvc ducts under the road portion after drilling. What is the difference between drawing and specification?

Drawing is the layout of the contract scope.

Specification is the standard which to execute the activity. What percentage of activities should you expect to critical?

5 to 10%.

Can you have more than one critical activity? Yes.

If activity with float is late, is contractor entitle to EOT?

Depend upon whose default, so not on critical so doesn’t offer completion date, so

no.

How do you assess claim for cost or time?

Depend upon the form of the contract we are use. If there is contract delay then only time can be considered, If the delay due to the default of employer then time and cost.

Distance from edge of asphalt to the guardrail?

1.25m

Define the rule of RE?

To ensure project is constructed in accordance with drawing and specification. What would you do at startup of project?

Kick off meeting, Ensure we have complete record of site conditions before construction, cross-section, Photos, Video, check kick off meeting minutes. What would you do if contractor progress fall behind schedule and he takes no action to correct progress despite verbal and written request for his proposal?

Would first try assess reason or cause of delay. Would then depending on reason, probably recommend replacement of contractor Project manager as first step. If still no positive response, would recommend removal of contractor.

Can you issue a V.O during defect liability periods?

Defect liability period start upon issue of Taking over Certificate. This normally represent end of construction and a V.O issued at this stage of the project would likely result result in a claim from the contractor as it would prevent him from demobilizing his resources. Therefore my recommendation would be to avoid issuing a V.O during the defect liability period.

Explain how you would organized and prepare your staff for the work?

Depend on what activity we are preparing for, if detour opening, would likely sit down in advance with the contractor and supervision staff and discuss how diversion will be implemented. Would also visit site if necessary. If major concrete pour, would ask contractor for check list or summary of equipment, making sure he is sufficient resources, standby equipment.

Explain what you would do if discover 5m elevation error in contract drawing? Depend on when error was discover and what the correction effected. Normally drawing and documents are reviewed and works planned well in advance so an error of this magnitude would likely discover early .The earlier the required changes are initiated the less would be impacted .Goal would be minimized claims and disruption to the work without scarifying the quality of the end product.

Can you hard enough for the contractor?

I am not here to deliberately tough to the contractor, only making decision which are favorable to the client. I am here to manage the contract and to fair to both parties

to the contract.

Do you know that there is a difference between FIDIC and the condition of contract which we use here in Dubai?

Yes several clauses have been rewritten so as to transfer certain powers from the Engineer to Employer e.g. regarding issuing of completion certificate, variation, and extension of time.

Regarding subject of extension of time, how much time does a contractor have to submit full detail after claiming he has been delayed?

28 days.

Would you come and tell me if you discover consultant designer had made design error?

If there is a very minor adjustment to the design setting out on site if its necessary more fundamentally change to the design which would have serious consequences

,say regarding cost, then it would be the duty of any consultant Engineer to inform the client.

What test would you have carried out on interlock block paving? Transverse shear test, water absorption, physical inspection.

Would you support a claim for extension of time plus cost from a contractor if he was stopped work?

If contractor was held up for any reason and I could see that he could divert his resources elsewhere and continue working then I would suggest this to him and not support an extension of time.

Described the required properties of concrete mix? Describe classification of excavation for road construction? What is responsibilities of RE?

Ensure contract is constructed according to the plans and specification. Maintain records, progress meeting and meeting with other agencies as required. Response to RFI, Review submittals, Supervise the inspection of the work.

Contractor has Notice to proceed, what are the first things you would do?

Verify, BM existing, Start setting out and surveying of existing ground level, Verify of existing site condition photos and record, Trial pits for existing utilities investigation. Contractor behind schedule and will not respond to repeated request to revise his program showing how the propose to regain the lost time?

If the contractor is significantly behind schedule you can remove the Project manager or a more drastic solution would be to terminate the current contractor contract as being unable to perform. Better if there is a penalty in the contract for not updating the schedule which will force the contractor to address the problems before he is so far behind schedule .Still may not work nut gives you one more level.

Schedule:

Contractor to submit detail schedule within 28 days of NTP.Contractor cannot start work until 14 days after submission date. Schedule submittal will include a cash flow estimate or within 28 days of date of commencement.

Schedule will be resources loaded and also include allocation of cost of the contract.

Engineer will review and notify the contractor of logic and duration and also omission.

If the contractor is not maintaining his proposed schedule the Engineer may request a revised schedule from the contractor. Schedule must be submitted within twenty one days.

Contractor to submit a quartly cash flow estimate. Change in the work:

Change order result from a change in conditions from the original contract .For instance, the owner adds additional work to the contract.

Through negotiation with the contractor the Engineer established an equable time

and cost for the added work and prepare a change order for the contractor signature and then forward the signed change order to the owner approval. Time delay:

Clause 12 obstruction: Contractor must notify the Engineer of his of his intention to claim within 28 days of incident.

Engineer review and after consulting with owner issues an extension of time in accordance with clause 14 with associated cost if applicable.

Preconstruction Meeting: General meeting with all participant including owner, contractor, Engineer, Utility agencies.

Notification procedure for contractor and Engineer, concern and contact personnel for each utility. Discuss general requirements and procedure for running job.

Documents all correspondence:

Filing system will include –log of all correspondence.

Submittal: Log for submittal showing date of receipt and date of return with a running count of days since receipt until returnen.Submitttal log will be also show the reference specification section and status of submittals will have a reference number assigned with A,B,C etc. added as necessary for resubmittal.

RFI: Replies normally within 5 working days.

Change order: Log of potential and change order per above.

Approved shop drawing: Maintain log of approved shop drawing and separate files. Claim: Log and status of claim.

Submittals: A list of required submittal will be prepared and checked with the contractors list to insure that all submittals are made in a timely manner. A

reference number will be assigned to a requited submiyyal with this number also will use for resubmittal i.e. 2A, 2B, 2X etc.

Submittal will be forward to concern authority for their review and approval after the

Engineer is satisfied that the submittal meet the contract requirements.

Clause 44 Extension of time: Time for extra work, adverse climate condition, special conditions.

Contractor must give notice within 28 days of event .Must give detail and reference his schedule.

May five interim updates if incident is longer than 28 days.

Quality control: Obtaining through the complete documentation of material used, daily inspection with reports of same, testing as required in the contract documents. Claim: Claim is made by the contractor for situation that arise during the course of work that are not covered in the contract documents.

What situations a claim can rise?

Claim may be for obstruction, delay for extra work, exceptional adverse climate

condition, delay by employer and other special circumference that may occur for which the contractor is not responsible.

How would you evaluate a claim?

Engineer reviews a notice of intent of claim by the contractor, If only particles are given .Prepare reply to the contractor noting any inaccuracies and quote any specification that show the contractor is responsible for the incident and remind contractor if there is some validity to the notice of intent that he must supplied particulars within 28 days.

Ask for additional facts required for evaluation. Notify owner of the contractor notice of intent.

After the contractor summit detail and review by the Engineer and owner, negotiation meeting will be set up with the contractor, if necessary.

If resolution of the claim is reached in the meeting a change order will be prepared by the engineer for approval by the contractor and owner.

Subsequent meeting will be held to attempt to resolve the issue if not successful in the first meeting.

Contractor continuous with the work and is compensated with unilateral rates set by the Engineer.

If issue is not resolve contractor may take to arbitration, last resort no one win. How would you evaluate the time required?

Place the work in sequence in the contract schedule to ascertain if the critical path

is affected. If not a time extension generally would not be given. Exception would be if numerous changes were made that added extra work a contractor can make an argument that his overall production was affected due to amount of additional work. Burdon of proof on the contractor.

What is variation?

A variation is an event that occur during the period of the contract that is not covered under the original contract conditions.

Examples: Increase or decrease quantities, delete work, change character of work, vary line and level, add work, change sequence and timing.

Variation is valued using contract rates where possible. Does Variation always involves cost and time?

No, you can have variation to the contract that involve only cost not time (cost without time).Added new work that does not lengthen contract period would not have time extension.

What is substantial completion, Clause 48?

Substantial is occur when work is functionally complete, with a punch list of minor defects for the contract to correct. Substantially completion also contractually occur

when the owner occupies the site when work is not completed. What is taking over certificate?

Certificate issued when any part or all of the work has satisfactory passed any tests on completion prescribed by the contract. Engineer issues after consulting with the owner.

What is defect liability, clause 49?

The contractor is liable for any defect that occur during this period and it will be repaired by the contractor. If it is determined that he is not responsible the Engineer shall determine an additional to the contract price. Period starts at the date of substantial completion for each date of substantial completion set for the contract. Contractor bring 10 million dollars material on site, will you pay?

If the material is scheduled to be used in the work, and the contractor can show that adequate protection will be given to the material so that it does not deteriorate

during the period it is stores. If these conditions are met the material should be paid. How will you insure that the material is used at site?

Total amount of material to be used during the contract period will show in the bill of quantities. The amount received must not exceed this figures.

How will you make sure that the material is in store?

Material will be check at the end of each pay period and any discrepancies will be notice at that time if material had been removed from site. Based on the amount of work completed compared with the amount of work completed.

What surface is better Wet mix or Aggregate road base?

Wet mix because of tighter and more uniform moisture control, due to fact that is prepared at the batch plant.

Gives room for the bitumen to expand and for the reduction of voids from secondary compaction due to traffic.

What is sand equivalent and what does it indicate?

Method of determining the relative proportion of determination fine dust or clay material in the portion of aggregate passing the 4.75 sieve (no-4). Higher is better, reading is the material that settles out.

How will you pay and measure unsuitable material? Cross section of area before and after removal. Consistency, purity, and safety.

Safety flash point test.

What is soundness of aggregate?

Test of broken for aggregate and loss of material under the action of sodium or magnesium sulphate.

What test would you used on interlock paving stone?

Test for compressive strength and absorption plus visual forb color. Objective in pavement design:

Sufficient asphalt to ensure a durable pavement.

Sufficient mix stability to satisfy the traffic demands without distortion or displacement.

Sufficient air voids in the total compacted mix to allow for thermal expansion of the asphalt and aggregate under summer temperature without flushing, bleeding and loss of stability, yet low enough to keep out harmful air and moisture.

Sufficient workability to permit efficient placement of the mix without segregation

What is the role of water in the compaction process? To lubricant the particles.

What does proctor test mean and why we use? To find the optimum moisture content.

What flaky and elongation particles of aggregate affect the concrete strength? Low resistant to load.

Notice to contractor to inform something should be obey in quickly.

What are the parameters required to set a circular curve and how do you do it? What will you do in case of contractor does a substandard work and insist to continue it in spite of your verbal instruction to stop doing so failure to comply with instruction?

Protocol set: To finalize for letter to whom required for CC is called protocol set.

Normally it’s decided in kick of meeting from employer is finalized.

Change order:

Change order are initiate of 1-Change initiate by Engineer,2-By COntractot,3-By

Authority,4-By Employer. Traffic management?

Provide safe movement to the motorist and pedestrian around work sites using temporary traffic signs according to traffic control.

For internal road cable are under the road, but there is no corridor? No option to relocation and will be lowered /protection as it is.

There is cable reserve for ED, but already occupied by the other services, how you will solve this problem? Will solve this problem?

There is two way to resolve this problem:

1-To relocate existing services at his own corridor.

2-We can swape/exchange the corridor with coordinate the both authorities if agreed then to be take final approval from RTA to swap/exchange the corridor. When the contractor can cover apart or full from his retention?

After the defect liability will over.

What is the main duties of RE?

To ensure that project are running safely, as per contract drawing, Quality concern, to be considered value engineer. Knowledge about claim.

How will you ensure quality and what method you will use for control of quality? Through quality management plan, method statement, specification,

Network diagram to be draw for road project?

How will you follow and check the contractor work? On daily/weekly and monthly basis.

How will you instruct your staff?

According to his position and as per site requirement.

How you will instruct your QS to prepare monthly certificate?

Quantity verify, to consider new rate, any change order should be approved agreed as per general agreement.

How to avoid any delay for completion of project?

We should monitor the program accordingly to be take appropriate action. Define the main properties which is concerned with the asphalt mix design? Marshal method, Select the quality of aggregate, considering shape, surface texture, and Select the aggregate gradation and workability, grade of bitumen binder.

What is a project and project planning?

A project is the activities related to achievement of some planned objects. Project planning is the process of preparing the commitment of resources in the most effective fashion.

How would you ensure quality and what method you will use for control of quality? In order to ensure quality, the testing of the material used un the permanent work shall be performed in accordance with the technical specification of the contract and for control of the quality, the material and execution of the work shall be maintain by various method and test as specified in the general and particular specification . Network diagram to be draw for a road project by (CPM) analysis the project and specify the basic approach to be used?

-The basic approach of the project to be used for the analysis of the project is as follow:

1-Break the project down in some reasonable activities to be schedule.

2-Estimate the required time for each activities to perform.

3-Place the activities in the sequence of time, taking in account of requirement that some activities must be performed sequentially while other shall perform simultaneously.

4-If complainer date is specified ,the diagram shall be adjusted until the constraint is

satisfied.

On what basis the contractor may be given extension in time?

The extension of time may be given to the contractor on the following basis:

1-Force major.

2-Abnormal weather condition.

3-Loss and damage due to fire provide contractor or his employees or his Labour is not the constituent party there in .

4-Civil agitation local Labour lock out of strike, lock out effect the construction and contractor is not participated there in.

5-The contractor execute the instruction as mention in clause no 18 of general and special condition of contract which adversely effect the contractors programmed of work.

6-Contractor does not receive appropriate time for execution of order/variation from engineer provided a written request made by him.

7-Department or subcontractor or approved supplier delay the material and goods

.The Engineer shall ensure that the contractor made his full effort for avoidance off such occurrence.

8-The handing over site made in stage due to encounter obstruction and which affected the sequence of the work.

What are the material to be paid as material at site?

The material as procured by the contractor at site and approved in quality intend to be used in the permanent work in the project.

What are the element of the unit rate>

Material cost, Charge of plant and equipment, Wages of labour,Over head, Profit. Submittal of the contractor with program of the work and your action?

: Action to be taken when the contractor submit the program of work:

1-To study resources of contractor manpower and equipment.

2-To check starting/end date of the work

3-To study that program covers all activities of work.

4-To study that no interferes between activities of the work which may effect the quality of work each items.

5-To submit the client with consultant comment/approval to obtain approval. What is service reservation?

Service reservation is an area determined the TPD to allocate the various services as shown in the sketch.

What is notice of intent?

Notice of intent is to be done by contractor to the concerned department before closing /cutting existing road or before laying asphalt course and to be renewed

each 2 month.

Blue smoke coming out from the asphalt mix: Hot Steam is emanating from the mix: Excessive moist Mix is flat in a truck: High risk.

Tender documents:

The tender are prepared so that the tender understood their obligation regarding all the work involved or required to be done for the proper execution and completion of the project.

And also during evaluation of tender documents are serve as common base for comparison of the contractor bid.

1-Tender invitation letter.

2-The agreement.

3-The condition of the contract (General particles and special condition of the contract)

4-Specification (General and particular technical specification0

5-Bill of quantities with schedule rates.

6-Drawings (Working drawing all)

7-Addendum if any issued at the time of tender. What you know about:

Single axle load, Wet sieving and dry sieving,MDD, Partially completion, Substantial completion, Soil investigation?

When the contractor can cover apart or full from his retention? After the defect liability will over.

Give us more detail about earth work, pavement of the road, the services including in the project?

What are the main duties of the RE.?

To ensure that the project is running safely and as per contract drawing, Safety and quality concern to be ensured, To be ensure value engineering, Knowledge about claim.

What is the important of the contract program of the project and how you will check it and what are the main factors your comments based on?

To be considered sequence of activity, duration of activity, critical activity and priority of activity.

Talk briefly about project management?

Project management is the application of knowledge,skills,tools and technique to project activities to meet the project requirement.PM is integration of the 10 knowledge area and 47 logically groups and five process such as Initiating,planning,executing,monitoring and controlling, closing.

Managing the project typically include but are not limited.

Identifying requirement, addressing the various need, setting up, managing stakeholder, balancing the competing project constraint which include but are not limited.

Scope, quality, schedule, budget, resources, risk.

What are the necessary steps to be taken to review and approval the asphalt mix design?

To compare as per design such as VOIDS, stability, stiffness, flow, density’s gravity,

bitumen content as per approved job mix formula.

Do you have the power to stop the contractor work and how you support it by condition of contract?

No consultant and client did, t stop contractor work but if related safety concern can stop and if contractor permanently not following engineer instruction regard quality concern after cad, NCR can issue letter to stop only that affected portion or activity. How you will ensure quality and what method you will use for control of quality? QMP, Method statement, Specification.

What is the order of contract documents from the power point of view? Condition of contract, BOQ.

What is the max quantity of material may be paid to the contractor?

75% of the cost of the material.

How you will follow and check the contractor work? On daily, weekly, biweekly and monthly basis.

How you will instruct your staff?

According to his position and requirement at site.

How you will instruct you QS to prepare monthly certificate?

Quantity verified, Consider new rate, if any change order should be approved, verified agreed % of general items.

Detail information with program project activities (plant, about schedule)? Program of work: The contractor is to be submit his program of work by CPM showing manpower schedule, equipment and material in relation to time/quantity of the project and to be updated monthly. Also the contractor may used PERT method (Program of evaluation and re orientation technique) to indicate delays and how to avoid the full with the contract time.

Extension of time for complication? How to estimate the delay in contract? Extension of time and delay in contract are to study the reason such as additional work or obstruction on site or lack of material and slow motion of work by the contractor. All these reason to be studied with the original program of work for each item using CPM using early starting time ET, latest start time LST and early-finished

time EFT and latest finished time LFT.

Density of material: Asphalt: 2.5, Subbase: 1.98, Black sand: 1.78. ADR: Alternative dispute resolution.

RFI: Request for information. IFB: Invitation for bid.

RFP: Request for proposal. RFQ: Request for quotation.

Draw cross-section of road, single, dual including all the asphalt pavements sections and curbs and services?

Draw all the services under the pavement?

What is the maximum period for the contractor to explain for the claim? Discuss some unusual aspects of project where you have been ARE/RE? How do you base your review?

Explain concurrent delay?

Failure to give position off site to the contractor .What is the necessary action? Explain types of insurance?

What is the basic idea in building a road?

What are the objectives of contract management or administration? What is the principles of setting out on site?

How to assess to material submission? What is meant by contract?

If surveyor check level, you agree or this must be check again? What is contract problems?

Write method statement for marking, placing and finishing the work?

What are the settlement cracks, shrinkage cracks, and plastic cracks in concrete? And how you avoid it and how to be measure?

What are the important of the contract program of the project and how you will check it and what are the main factors your comments based on?

What is the order of contract documents form the power point of view? Condition of contract.

Make critical path method of road construction?

What is the maximum amount should pay from the contractor for supervision? What is the directional drilling? What is the other types of NDRC and what is the differences between them? What is RTA requirements for the Directional drilling? What is the NDRC types you have dealt with in you previous projects? Describe. Describe the road structure in your previous project and what are the field tests have

Type of expansion joints ‘bridges’ and their location - sketch required?

28-Rate of work:

Ø Excavation for Cutting: 3.16/M cube.

Ø Disposal of excavated material: 19.67/M cube.

Ø Formation preparation: 3.15/M cube.

Ø Embankment filling @250mm =7.62/M cube.

Ø Filling with imported material=10.78/M cube.

Ø Road Base laying depth 100mm=13.41/M square.

Ø Bitumen Asphalt Wearing Course laying 50mm thickness: 32.94/M squire

Ø Prime coat MC 70 laying: 4.19/M squire.

Ø Tack Coat laying =7.17/M squire.

29-Day work rate:

Ø Bitumen 60/70 1 ton=300AED

Ø Bitumen 40/50 1 ton=3060AED

Ø AC Base course 1 ton=210 AED

Ø AC Wearing course 1 ton=214 AED

Ø Interlock tile 60mm thickness 1 m square=50

Ø Up stand Ker stone 1 m=20

Ø Mild steel reinforcement epoxy coated 1 ton =4000

Ø High tensile steel reinforcement 1 tone=4000

Ø Bulldozer 100 HP per/hour =200

100 to 200 HP=290

Over 200 HP=300

Ø Grader up to 140 HP per/hour=195

Over 140 HP per/hour=225

Ø Vibrator roller up to 3 ton per/hour=135

Ø Tandem roller up to 10 ton per/hour=150

Ø PRT over 10 ton per/hour=175

Ø Generator up to 200KW per/hour=250

Ø Milling machine per/hour=1500

Ø Mechanical road broom brush per/hour=75

Description of work	Machinery	Quantity	Production/day
1-Excavation to cut	Dozer	1	500 M cube
2-Loading of Cut material	Shovel	1	115 Truck
3-Leveling of dumping material	Dozer	1	1350 M cube
4-Shifting of excavated material	Truck	1	25 Trip
5-Formation embankment filling	Grader	1	850 M cube,

30-Production of work machinery:

2000M square
6-Formation preparation	Grader	1	3000 M squire
7-Road base preparation	Grade	1	1500 M sq

8-Water sprinkling Water tanker 1 850m cube or 8

trips

9-Formation compaction Roller 1 5000m sq

10-Road Base compaction Roller 1 1500 m sq

11-Road Base compaction PTR 1 1500 M sq

12-Lay Road Base 150 thickness Paver 1 5000 m sq/2000

Ton

Compaction STR 1 5000 m sq/2000

Ton

Compaction PTR 1 2500 m sq/1000

Ton

Shifting road base Truck 1 10 Trip

Loading road base Shovel/Loader 1 50 Truck

13-Apply Prime Coat Bitumen Tanker 1 10,000 m sq

14-Water sprinkler Water Tanker 1 7 trip/3000 M

cube

15-Asphalt Base Course 60 mm Paver 1 10,000 m sq/1530

Ton

Compaction STR 1 10,000 m sq/1530

Ton

Compaction PTR 1 5000m sq/765 Ton Description of work Machinery Quantity Production/day Surface Cleaning Compressor 1 10,000 m sq

Hand Compaction Hand Roller 1 10,000 m sq/1530

Ton

Hand Compaction Plate Compactor 10,000 m sq/1530

Sweet Water Supply		Water Tanker	1	10,000 m sq
Asphalt Joint Cutting		Clipper machine
Shifting Asphalt		Truck	25	1530 Ton
15-Tack coat		Bitumen Tanker	1	10,000 m sq
16-Asphalt Wearing	Course 50 mm	Paver		1 9,000 m
sq/1200Ton
Compaction		STR		1 9,000 m

Ton

sq/1200Ton

Compaction PTR 1 4500 m sq/600Ton

Surface Cleaning Compressor 1 9,000 m sq

Hand Compaction Hand Roller 1 9,000 m sq/1200

Ton

Hand Compaction Plate Compactor 9, 000 m sq/1200

Ton

Sweet Water Supply Water Tanker 1 9,000 m sq

Asphalt Joint Cutting Clipper machine

Shifting Asphalt Truck 20 1530 Ton

16-Formation side walk Bob Cat 1 500 m sq

17-Kerbstone Blinding$ shuttering Masson 1 100 m

Carpenter 2

Labour 4

Steel fixer 1

17-Kerbstone Hunching $ shuttering Masson 1 100 m

Carpenter 2

Labour 2

17-Installation of Ker stone Masson 1 50 m

Labour 1

17-Installation of Tile Paver 80mm Masson 1 15 m sq

Labour 1

17-SWD Gully fixing Pipe fitter 1 3

Labour 2

18-Excavation pipe line up to 1.5m JCB 1 100 M Labour 2

19-Lay pipe including formation preparation and bedding.

Pipe fitter 1 100 M Labour 5

Description of work Machinery Quantity Production/day

20-Backfill pipe line up to 1.5m deep	Charge hand	1	100 M
	Labour	7
21-Excavation 11 kv/LV line	Charge hand	1	100 M

Labour 2

JCB 1

21-Backfill 11 kv/LV line Charge hand 1 100 M Labour 4

31-Major issues for delay project:

1. Late issue confirmation of the road profile.

2. Late issue of SWD design and several revision of the approval shop drawing.

3. Late confirmation the SWD diversion.

4. The existing 75mm dia AC water line is very old and shallow for which we can’t

precede the road work before diverting this line.

5. Late confirmation instruction to proceed with lowering the existing HV/LV cable without slewing /relocation.

6. The huge number buried sewerage chamber to be adjusted.

7. The late confirmation the Etisalat work.

8. Sewerage in the approval shop drawing due to obstruction by the congested underground services.

9. The road back side Danata building is held due to not allowed vibration.

32-Labour rate:

Category Basic rate/hour All in cost/hour

Labour 2.74 8.10

Mason 3.51 9.35

Carpenter 3.53 9.38

Steel fixer 3.16 8.81

Plumber 4.16 10.33

Electrician 4.45 10.78

Fabricator 5.72 12.71

Fitter 4.43 10.75

A/C Technician 4.45 10.78

Duct Erector 4.45 10.78

Grade Checker 5.00 11.61

Painter 3.72 9.67

Polisher 3.69 9.62

Welder 4.61 11.02

Driver HB 7.81 14.00

Driver HV 7.67 13.82

Driver LV 5.85 11.24

33-Quantity of rate analysis for reinforcement concrete:

Steps of rate analysis: 1-Estimation of Labour, Material, Equipment, and

Miscellaneous item for particular quantity of reinforced concrete.

2-To determines the components of structures for which the RCC rate analysis is required, as the quantity of reinforcement steel varies with slab, beams, column, foundation, RCC road etc.

The quantity of material like sand, cement and coarse aggregate vary with mix design such as M15 (1:2:4), M20 (1:1.5:3) etc.

Here we will calculate the rate analysis for 1m cube of reinforced concrete:

1-Estimate of material: For Concrete: 1 M3

Mix design is=1:1.5:3, Dry volume: 1.54* times the wet volume of concrete

Dry Concrete: 1*1.54=1.54 M Cube concrete

a) Bag of Cement required: 1*1.54/1+1.5+3, =. 28m3

Number of bags: one Cement bag volume=. 035M3

.28/. 0347=8.07 bags of cement

Volume 50kg bags in ft.=1.25cubic ft.

b) Volume of sand required: 1.5*1.54. /1+1.5+3,

.42M3 of sand

c) Volume of course aggregate required=3*1.54/1+1.5+3

0.84M3 of course aggregate.

d) Estimate of Reinforced steel:

It’s assuming the percentage of reinforcement for different components.

Following are the percentage of reinforcement steel generally required per different components.

For slabs=1.0% of concrete volume For Beams=2.0% of concrete volume For Column=2.5% of concrete volume

For RCC Roads=.6% of concrete volume

Take example of RCC Column, where reinforcement required is 2.5% of concrete volume, weight of steel required will be:

2.5/100*1=0.025 m cube*7850

=196kg

196.25kg

Reinforcement density=1m cube=7850kg

1 m Cube=35.32 cube ft.

2. Labour requirement for 1M3 of RCC:

Labour required is presented in term of days required to complete the work for the given quantity of concrete. Following are the various labour required.

As per standard schedule of rates and analysis of rate, one mason is required for

.37 days.

b) Labour: one unskilled labour required for 3.5 days.

c) Water carrier: one water carrier required for 1.39 days.

d) Bar bender: Bar bender required for depend on weight of reinforcement. Let consider one bar bender required for 100kg of steel as for 1 day.

e) Mixer operator: One mixer operator required for 0.0714 days.

f) Vibrator operator: One vibrator operator required for 0.0714 days.

3. Equipments and sundries.

Equipment and other charges, such as water chargers, miscellaneous items, tools and tackles Etc can be assumed as some percentage of total cost of material labours.Let’s say it as 7.5%.

Contractor profit:

Contractor profit depends on place to place, organization to organization and work to work. It varies from 10 to 20 %.Lets say it as 15% of total cost of material, labour and equipments.

We have calculated the quantity of every item in above 1-3 steps. For rate analysis of RCC, we need to multiply each quantity with their rates to get the amount for every item of work. Rate varies from place to place and time to time. It is advisable assume local rate or standard rates of the place.

The sum total of all the four items above will give the rate or cost for 1M3 of concrete.

34-Keyboard shortcut formulas:

Keyboard Shortcuts (Microsoft Windows):

1. CTRL+C (Copy), 2. CTRL+X (Cut), 3. CTRL+V (Paste), 4. CTRL+Z (Undo) 5. DELETE (Delete).

6. SHIFT+DELETE (Delete the selected item permanently without placing the item in the Recycle Bin).

7. CTRL while dragging an item (Copy the selected item).

8. CTRL+SHIFT while dragging an item (Create a shortcut to the selected item.

9. F2 key (Rename the selected item).

10. CTRL+RIGHT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word).

11. CTRL+LEFT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word).

12. CTRL+DOWN ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph).

13. CTRL+UP ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph).

14. CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Highlight a block of text) SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text in a document).

15. CTRL+A (Select all).

16. F3 key (Search for a file or a folder).

17. ALT+ENTER (View the properties for the selected item).

18. ALT+F4 (Close the active item, or quit the active program).

19. ALT+ENTER (Display the properties of the selected object).

20. ALT+SPACEBAR (Open the shortcut menu for the active window.

21. CTRL+F4 (Close the active document in programs that enable you to have multiple documents open simultaneously).

22. ALT+TAB (Switch between the open items.

23. ALT+ESC (Cycle through items in the order that they had been opened.

24. F6 key (Cycle through the screen elements in a window or on the desktop.

25. F4 key (Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer.

26. SHIFT+F10 (Display the shortcut menu for the selected item.

27. ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the System menu for the active window.

28. CTRL+ESC (Display the Start menu.

29. ALT+Underlined letter in a menu name (Display the corresponding menu) Underlined letter in a command name on an open menu (Perform the corresponding command.

30. F10 key (Activate the menu bar in the active program.

31. RIGHT ARROW (Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu.

32. LEFT ARROW (Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu.

33. F5 key (Update the active window.

34. BACKSPACE (View the folder one level up in My Computer or Windows

Explorer.

35. ESC (Cancel the current task.

36. SHIFT when you insert a CD-ROMinto the CD-ROM drive (Prevent the CD- ROM from automatically playing.

Dialog Box - Keyboard Shortcuts:

1. CTRL+TAB (Move forward through the tabs).

2. CTRL+SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the tabs).

3. TAB (Move forward through the options).

4. SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the options).

5. ALT+Underlined letter (Perform the corresponding command or select the corresponding option).

6. ENTER (Perform the command for the active option or button).

7. SPACEBAR (Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box).

8. Arrow keys (Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons).

9. F1 key (Display Help).

10. F4 key (Display the items in the active list).

11. BACKSPACE (Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box).

Microsoft Natural Keyboard Shortcuts:

1. Windows Logo (Display or hide the Start menu)

2. Windows Logo+BREAK (Display the System Properties dialog box)

3. Windows Logo+D (Display the desktop)

4. Windows Logo+M (Minimize all of the windows)

5. Windows Logo+SHIFT+M (Restorethe minimized windows)

6. Windows Logo+E (Open My Computer)

7. Windows Logo+F (Search for a file or a folder)

8. CTRL+Windows Logo+F (Search for computers)

9. Windows Logo+F1 (Display Windows Help)

10. Windows Logo+ L (Lock the keyboard)

11. Windows Logo+R (Open the Run dialog box)

12. Windows Logo+U (Open Utility Manager)

13. Accessibility Keyboard Shortcuts

14. Right SHIFT for eight seconds (Switch Filter Keys either on or off)

15. Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN (Switch High Contrast either on or off)

16. Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK (Switch the MouseKeys either on or off)

17. SHIFT five times (Switch the Sticky Keys either on or off)

18. NUM LOCK for five seconds (Switch the ToggleKeys either on or off)

19. Windows Logo +U (Open Utility Manager)

20. Windows Explorer Keyboard Shortcuts

21. END (Display the bottom of the active window)

22. HOME (Display the top of the active window)

23. NUM LOCK+Asterisk sign (*) (Display all of the subfolders that are under the selected folder)

24. NUM LOCK+Plus sign (+) (Display the contents of the selected folder) MMC Console keyboard shortcuts:

1. SHIFT+F10 (Display the Action shortcut menu for the selected item).

2. F1 key (Open the Help topic, if any, for the selected item).

3. F5 key (Update the content of all console windows).

4. CTRL+F10 (Maximize the active console window).

5. CTRL+F5 (Restore the active console window).

6. ALT+ENTER (Display the Properties dialog box, if any, for the selected item).

7. F2 key (Rename the selected item).

8. CTRL+F4 (Close the active console window. When a console has only one console window, this shortcut closes the console).

Remote Desktop Connection Navigation:

1. CTRL+ALT+END (Open the Microsoft Windows NT Security dialog box).

2. ALT+PAGE UP (Switch between programs from left to right).

3. ALT+PAGE DOWN (Switch between programs from right to left).

4. ALT+INSERT (Cycle through the programs in most recently used order).

5. ALT+HOME (Display the Start menu).

6. CTRL+ALT+BREAK (Switch the client computer between a window and a full screen)

7. ALT+DELETE (Display the Windows menu).

8. CTRL+ALT+Minus sign (-) (Place a snapshot of the active window in the client on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality as pressing PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.).

9. CTRL+ALT+Plus sign (+) (Place asnapshot of the entire client window area on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality aspersing ALT+PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.).

Microsoft Internet Explorer Keyboard Shortcuts:

1. CTRL+B (Open the Organize Favorites dialog box).

2. CTRL+E (Open the Search bar).

3. CTRL+F (Start the Find utility).

4. CTRL+H (Open the History bar).

5. CTRL+I (Open the Favorites bar).

6. CTRL+L (Open the Open dialog box).

7. CTRL+N (Start another instance of the browser with the same Web address).

8. CTRL+O (Open the Open dialog box, the same as CTRL+L).

9. CTRL+P (Open the Print dialog box).

10. CTRL+R (Update the current Web page).

11. CTRL+W (Close the current window)

116 Prepared By Azhar Iqbal Tarar

Breaking

Friday, 12 February 2021

Notes for Interview of Assistant Resident Engineer (ARE) for Road/Infrastructure

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